ArticlePloS one2019
Association of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with ectopic pregnancy and preterm labor in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Inducing factors and complication risks of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Non-Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)-Related Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Prediction of ectopic pregnancy using interpretable machine learning algorithms.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Efficacy and security of oral Chinese patent medicine combined with antibiotics in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Factors influencing the birth weight of ART-conceived offspring.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Review
- Deeper Trophoblastic Invasion and More-Promotive Vascular Remodeling in Tubal Isthmic Pregnancy Compared with Ampullary Pregnancy: A Retrospective Clinicopathological Study.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Advanced abdominal pregnancy complicated by pelvic inflammatory disease: A compelling case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- A Landscape View of the Female Genital Tract Microbiome in Healthy Controls and Women With Reproductive Health Conditions Associated With Ectopic Pregnancy.British journal of biomedical science · 2023Review
- Recent advances in the understanding of tubal ectopic pregnancy.Faculty reviews · 2023Review
- Article
- Factors Associated with Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy: A 10-Year Review at a District Hospital in Ghana.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2022Article
- The Combination of Clindamycin and Gentamicin Is Adequate for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Ectopic Pregnancy in Tigray, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Prevalence, Management Outcomes, and Associated Factors.Journal of pregnancy · 2021Article
- Effect of comprehensive nursing intervention on serum inflammatory factors and quality of life in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease.American journal of translational research · 2021Article
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Fuke Qianjin Tablet.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of pelvic imaging for acute pelvic inflammatory disease in an emergency care setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acute medicine & surgeryReview
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infectious disease that causes tubal occlusion and other pelvic and abdominal adhesions. The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has increased due to the sexually active status of the young population. This leads to a more serious problem and a larger effect than previously observed. However, there have been few studies on this topic in Asian populations.
aimWe aimed to evaluate the risk of preterm labor and/or ectopic pregnancy in Taiwanese women following PID.
designUsing the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, we designed a retrospective cohort study that included 12- to 55-year-old pregnant women between 2000 and 2010. We selected a 1:3 age-matched control group of non-PID women. The endpoint was any episode of preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy; otherwise, the patients were tracked until 31 December 2010.
methodsThe risk factors for preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy were explored. For cases included from the index date until the end of 2010, we analyzed the risk of incident preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy. With the use of a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, we calculated the hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% CI and compared it with that of the control group.
resultsThis study examined 30,450 patients with PID and 91,350 controls. During the follow-up period, patients in the PID group were more likely to develop preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy than patients in the control group. The cumulative incidence rates for developing preterm labor were 1.84% (561/30,450 individuals) in patients with PID and 1.63% (1492/91,350 individuals) in patients without PID. On the other hand, the cumulative incidence rate for developing ectopic pregnancy in patients with PID was 0.05% (14/30,450 individuals) but was only 0.04% (33/91,350 individuals) in patients without PID. Compared with those without PID, the patients with PID had a 1.864 times (P<0.001) higher risk of developing preterm labor and a 2.121 times (P = 0.003) higher risk of developing ectopic pregnancy.
conclusionOur study provided evidence of an increased risk of preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy in PID patients.
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