Trial reportJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2021
Differences in exposure to toxic and/or carcinogenic volatile organic compounds between Black and White cigarette smokers.
Trial report in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial disparities in intensity of smoke exposure and nicotine intake among low-dependence smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Trial
- Why Africa's low rate of lung cancer is an illusion.Nature · 2026Article
- Dietary Factors Drive Volatile Organic Compound Exposure and Modulate Its Impact on Multi-Dimensional Biological Aging.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Lung Cancer in Patients of African Descent: A Transcontinental Review of Epidemiology, Disparities, Outcomes, and Opportunities for Equity in Africa, North America, South America, and the Caribbean.JTO clinical and research reports · 2025Review
- Characterizing everyday exposure to volatile organic compounds and upper respiratory health effects.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clustering analysis of volatile organic compound biomarkers with tobacco exposure and the association with cardiovascular health outcomes in an observation study cohort.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Association of Urinary N7-(1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl) Guanine (EB-GII) Adducts and Butadiene-Mercapturic Acids with Lung Cancer Development in Cigarette Smokers.Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Ethylene oxide exposure increases impaired glucose metabolism in the US general population: a national cross-sectional study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Associations between residential volatile organic compound exposures and liver injury markers: The role of biological sex and race.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Multiethnic Prediction of Nicotine Biomarkers and Association With Nicotine Dependence.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Harmonization of acronyms for volatile organic compound metabolites using a standardized naming system.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Revised US Preventive Services Task Force Lung Cancer Screening Guideline Among Women and Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Comparison of Systemic Exposure to Toxic and/or Carcinogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) during Vaping, Smoking, and Abstention.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Observational
- Anxiety sensitivity and its association with perceived barriers for quitting, smoking inflexibility, and severity of quit problems among Black smokers.Journal of ethnicity in substance abuseArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveIt is unclear why Black smokers in the United States have elevated risk of some tobacco-related diseases compared to White smokers. One possible causal mechanism is differential intake of tobacco toxicants, but results across studies are inconsistent. Thus, we examined racial differences in biomarkers of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in tobacco smoke.
methodWe analyzed baseline data collected from 182 Black and 184 White adult smokers who participated in a randomized clinical trial in 2013-2014 at 10 sites across the United States. We examined differences in urinary levels of ten VOC metabolites, total nicotine equivalents (TNE), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), controlling for covariates such as cigarettes per day (CPD), as well as differences in VOCs per TNE to assess the extent to which tobacco exposure, and not metabolic factors, accounted for racial differences.
resultsConcentration of metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, and methylating agents were significantly higher in Blacks compared to Whites when controlled for covariates. Other than the metabolite of methylating agents, VOCs per TNE did not differ between Blacks and Whites. Concentrations of TNE/CPD and VOCs/CPD were significantly higher in Blacks. Menthol did not contribute to racial differences in VOC levels.
conclusionsFor a given level of CPD, Black smokers likely take in higher levels of acrolein, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide than White smokers. Our findings are consistent with Blacks taking in more nicotine and toxicants per cigarette smoked, which may explain their elevated disease risk relative to other racial groups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.