ArticleJournal of epidemiology2020
Lingering Impact of Starting Working Life During a Recession: Health Outcomes of Survivors of the "Employment Ice Age" (1993-2004) in Japan.
Article in Journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changing Longitudinal Associations Between Home-Rearing Environments and Child Developmental Atypicality Across Two Decades.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Trends in income-related concentration and inequality in health in Japan: evidence from population-based National surveys from 2001 to 2022.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health in Japan, 32 European countries and the United States: an international comparative study.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Article
- Trends and socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health in Japan, 1986-2016.BMC public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA growing amount of evidence demonstrates the adverse impacts of economic downturns on population health. However, the extent to which the macroeconomic conditions at labor market entry affect health outcomes in later life remains relatively understudied. This study focused on the health outcomes of the cohort who entered the labor market during the "employment ice age" (EIA; 1993-2004) in Japan, when young people had difficulty finding jobs after graduating from college or high school.
methodsWe used repeated cross-sectional data (N = 3,054,782; 1,500,618 men and 1,554,164 women) obtained from an 11-wave population-based nationwide survey conducted every 3 years from 1986 through 2016. We considered three health outcomes: being in hospital, subjective symptoms, and self-rated health (SRH). We employed two types of statistical analyses: an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis, which controlled for age and period (wave) effects, and a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, in which the EIA experience was regarded as a treatment.
resultsThe APC analysis confirmed the relative disadvantage of the EIA cohort for all three outcomes; for instance, the odds ratio of poor SRH for the EIA cohort was 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.38) for men and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17-1.34) for women. The DiD analysis confirmed the robustness of these results, especially for men.
conclusionsThe results underscored the lingering impact of the macroeconomic conditions at labor market entry on health outcomes in later life in Japan.
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