ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe.
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Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 62 papers.
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62 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evolutionary Signatures of Thermotolerance Shaped by Adaptive Admixtures in the Ghurrah Pig of India.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Article
- Ancient Mongolian aurochs and cattle genomes reveal population shifts associated with the expansion of herding.iScience · 2026Article
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- Wild or Tame? In Search for the Genetic Origin of Wild Boar (Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
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- Integrated mitogenome and Y chromosome analysis untangles the complex origin of African pigs.iScience · 2026Article
- Palaeogenomics suggest domesticated camelid herding and wild camelid hunting in early pastoralist societies in the Atacama Desert.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Genomic ancestry, behavior, and the domestication of the dog.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A legacy of genetic entanglement with wolves shapes modern dogs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Inferring Domestic Goat Demographic History Through Ancient Genome Imputation.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Museum Genomics Reveals Temporal Genetic Stasis and Global Genetic Diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Ancient Genomics Reveals the Origin, Dispersal, and Human Management of East Asian Domestic Pigs.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Characterization of the Mitochondrial Genome of the Vietnamese Central Highland Wild Boar (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Unraveling the genetic diversity and adaptive traits of laboratory pig breeds within the perspective of whole - genome resequencing.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Mitochondrial Phylogeography of Wild Boars,Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- A universally applicable definition for domestication.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Origins, Dispersal, and Impact: Bidirectional Introgression Between Chinese and European Pig Populations.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Trends, stasis and trajectories for plant and animal domestications: possibilistic models alert on resource overexploitation.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Unravelling domestication: introduction to the theme issue.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
100 authors.
Laurent A F FrantzSchool of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; laurent.frantz@qmul.ac.uk greger.larson@arch.ox.ac.uk.
James HaileThe Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.
Audrey T LinThe Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-2505-1480
Amelie ScheuPalaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Christina GeörgPalaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Norbert BeneckeDepartment of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Michelle AlexanderBioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
Anna LinderholmThe Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.
Victoria E MullinDepartment of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
Kevin G DalyMolecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Vincent M BattistaDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
Max PriceDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142.
Kurt J GronDepartment of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
Panoraia AlexandriCNRS UMR 7044, Maison interuniversitaire des sciences de l'Homme, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
Rose-Marie ArbogastDepartment of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Benjamin ArbuckleDepartment of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
Adrian Bӑlӑşescu"Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest 010667, Romania.ORCID 0000-0001-7834-5111
Ross BarnettDepartment of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
László BartosiewiczOsteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Gennady BaryshnikovLaboratory of Theriology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
Clive BonsallSchool of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
Dušan BorićThe Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.
Adina Boroneanţ"Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest 010667, Romania.
Jelena BulatovićLaboratory for Bioarchaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Canan ÇakirlarInstitute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, 9712 ER, Groningen, The Netherlands.
José-Miguel CarreteroLaboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
John ChapmanDepartment of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
Mike ChurchDepartment of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
Richard CrooijmansAnimal Breeding and Genomics Center, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Bea De CupereOD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Cleia DetryCentro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
Vesna DimitrijevicLaboratory for Bioarchaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Valentin Dumitraşcu"Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest 010667, Romania.
Louis du PlessisDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.
Ceiridwen J EdwardsDepartment of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
Cevdet Merih ErekDepartment of Archaeology, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey.
Aslı Erim-ÖzdoğanDepartment of Archaeology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey.
Anton ErvynckFlanders Heritage Agency, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Domenico FulgioneDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
Mihai GligorHistory, Archaeology and Museology Department, 1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia 510009, Romania.
Anders GötherströmDepartment of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Lionel GourichonUniversité Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Cultures et Environnement, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge (UMR 7264), 06357 Nice, France.ORCID 0000-0002-5160-5902
Martien A M GroenenAnimal Breeding and Genomics Center, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Daniel HelmerCNRS, Archéorient (UMR 5133), Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 69007 Lyon, France.
Hitomi HongoDepartment of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
Liora K HorwitzNational Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
Evan K Irving-PeaseThe Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-1940-2192
Ophélie LebrasseurThe Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.
Joséphine LesurUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Caroline MaloneSchool of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom.
Ninna ManaseryanScientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Institute of Zoology, Yerevan 0014, Armenia.
Arkadiusz MarciniakInstitute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712, Poznań, Poland.
Holley MartlewThe Hellenic Archaeological Research Foundation, Tivoli House, Cheltenham GL50 2TD, United Kingdom.
Marjan MashkourUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Roger MatthewsDepartment of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, United Kingdom.
Giedre Motuzaite MatuzeviciuteLithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania.
Sepideh MaziarInstitut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany.
Erik MeijaardInternational Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission Wild Pig Specialist Group, 15412 Jakarta, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0001-8685-3685
Tom McGovernAnthropology Department, Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065.
Hendrik-Jan MegensAnimal Breeding and Genomics Center, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Rebecca MillerService de Préhistoire, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
Azadeh Fatemeh MohasebUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Jörg OrschiedtInstitute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
David OrtonBioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
Anastasia PapathanasiouEphorate of Paleoanthropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture, 106 82 Athens, Greece.
Mike Parker PearsonInstitute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom.
Ron PinhasiDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Darko RadmanovićMuseum of Vojvodina, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia.
François-Xavier RicautLaboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique-UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 31062 cedex 9 Toulouse, France.
Mike RichardsDepartment of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-5274-8887
Richard SabinDivision of Vertebrates, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
Lucia SartiDipartimento di Scienze storiche e dei Beni Culturali, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Wolfram SchierInstitute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Shiva SheikhiUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Elisabeth StephanOsteologie, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, 73728 Konstanz, Germany.
John R StewartFaculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom.
Simon StoddartMagdalene College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AG, United Kingdom.
Antonio TagliacozzoSezione di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, 00144 Roma, Italy.
Nenad TasićDepartment of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Katerina TrantalidouEphorate of Paleoanthropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture, 106 82 Athens, Greece.
Anne TressetUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Cristina ValdioseraDepartment of Archaeology and History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, MB 167, Australia.
Youri van den HurkInstitute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, 9712 ER, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Sophie Van PouckeOD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Jean-Denis VigneUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Alexander YanevichInstitute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02000 Kiev, Ukraine.
Andrea Zeeb-LanzGeneraldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Dir. Landesarchäologie, D-67346 Speyer, Germany.
Alexandros TriantafyllidisCNRS UMR 7044, Maison interuniversitaire des sciences de l'Homme, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
M Thomas P GilbertNatural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jörg SchiblerIntegrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
Peter Rowley-ConwyDepartment of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
Melinda ZederDepartment of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 37012.
Joris PetersArchaeoBioCenter and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
Thomas CucchiUnité Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75020 Paris, France.
Daniel G BradleyMolecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Keith DobneyDepartment of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, United Kingdom.
Joachim BurgerPalaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Allowen EvinInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier-UMR 5554-CNRS, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.ORCID 0000-0003-4515-1649
Linus Girdland-FlinkResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6499-8728
Greger LarsonThe Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; laurent.frantz@qmul.ac.uk greger.larson@arch.ox.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-4092-0392
Funding
Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 210119/Z/18/Z
Abstract
Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process.
Indexed as
DNA, AncientDomesticationGene FlowPhylogenyAnimalsDNA, MitochondrialEuropeHistory, AncientMiddle EastSkin PigmentationSwineDNA, AncientDNA, Mitochondrialdomesticationevolutiongene flowNeolithic
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