ArticleJournal of medical research and innovation2019
Unequal Effects of Educational Attainment on Workplace Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke by Race and Ethnicity; Minorities' Diminished Returns in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).
Article in Journal of medical research and innovation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health Outcomes Among MENA Populations in the United States: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign-Born and Native-Born Individuals.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Unequal Impact of Flavored Tobacco Across Populations: From Neuroscience to Policy.Basic and clinical neuroscience · 2025Review
- Immigrants' diminished protective effects of parental education and employment on youth mood disorders in Sweden.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Differential associations between education and blood pressure by gender and race.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Educational Attainment Better Protects Non-Latino than Latino People Against Diabetes Mellitus.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment.Open journal of educational research · 2025Article
- Weaker Effects of Educational Attainment on Chronic Medical Conditions in American Indian Alaska Native, Black, and Latino Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Open journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Body Mass Index Among Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Tobacco Susceptibility Explains Diminished Returns of Family Income on Black Adolescents' Tobacco Initiation.Open journal of psychology · 2024Article
- Unequal Returns: Education Fails to Fully Prepare Black and Latino Americans for Retirement.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- High Education, Low Returns: Financial Literacy Challenges for African Americans and Hispanics.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Latinos' diminished returns of educational attainment on reducing food insecurity: the role of ethnic disparities in family structure and employment.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Caste-based Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Wealth Accumulation in India.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Self-Rated Health of US Older Adults in the General Social Survey (GSS) 1972-2021: Complexity of the Associations of Education and Immigration.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Protection motivation theory and smoking quitting intention: findings based on structural equation modelling and mediation analysis.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Structural racism and the education gradient for early all-cause mortality.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Secondhand smoke exposure for different education levels: findings from a large, nationally representative survey in Turkey.BMJ open · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOne of the mechanisms by which high educational attainment promotes populations' health is through reducing exposure to environmental risk factors such as second-hand smoke.
aimsTo explore racial and ethnic differences in the association between educational attainment and second-hand smoke exposure at work in a national sample of American adults.
methodsData came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS 2015), a cross-sectional study that included 15,726 employed adults. The independent variable was educational attainment, the dependent variables were any and daily second-hand smoke exposure at workplace, age and gender were covariates, and race and ethnicity were the moderators.
resultsOverall, higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of any and daily second-hand smoke exposure at work. Race and ethnicity both interacted with educational attainment suggesting that the protective effects of educational attainment on reducing the odds of any and daily second-hand smoke exposure at work are systemically smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than Whites.
conclusionsIn the United States, race and ethnicity bound the health gains that follow educational attainment. While educational attainment helps individuals avoid environmental risk factors such as second-hand smoke, this is more valid for Whites than Blacks and Hispanics. The result is additional risk of cancer and tobacco related disease in highly educated Blacks and Hispanics. The results are important given racial and ethnic minorities are the largest growing section of the US population. We should not assume that educational attainment is similarly protective across all racial and ethnic groups. In this context, educational attainment may increase, rather than reduce, health disparities.
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