Observational studyAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2019
Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exploring an integrative stress-coping model among African American women.
Observational study in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Hazardous Environmental Pollutants and Cancer Disparities: A Systematic Review on the Consideration of Race and Ethnicity in Environmental Epidemiology Research.Current environmental health reports · 2025Pooled it
- Optimizing Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Psychosocial Risk Factors Affecting Perinatal Black/African-American Women with Substance Use Disorder in the United States.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Pooled it
- The role of the 'obligation to help others' within the superwoman schema: implications for physical activity in African American women with low activity levels.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Trial
- A pilot study of a gratitude journaling intervention to enhance spiritual well-being and exercise self-efficacy in Black breast cancer survivors.BMC psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Racial Discrimination and PTSD Symptoms Among Black Women: The Mediating Roles of Anxiety and Depression.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- It Is Not Simply Black and White: A Qualitative Study Unpacking How Women Understand Racism and Discrimination.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Perceived everyday discrimination and leukocyte gene expression in a nationally representative sample of U.S. Adults.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Methodological Challenges and Insights in Research on Racial Discrimination and Substance Use Among Black College Students: A Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Experiences of Racism and Risk of Preeclampsia in the Black Women's Health Study.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Article
- Salivary cortisol reactivity to stress in pregnancy: A scoping review.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Disinvestment and Racial Disparities in Early Hypertension Onset Among Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Association between allostatic load and risk of breast carcinoma in situ in the UK biobank.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Association between preeclampsia and eclampsia in Black women with endometriosis: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Balancing Resilience and Vulnerability: An Integrative Review of the Strong Black Woman Schema in Nursing Education and Leadership.Nursing open · 2026Review
- The moderating role of psychological resilience on brain aging and PTSD in a community sample of South African women.Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Superwoman Schema Endorsement and its Association to Perceived Stress During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes among Non-Hispanic Black American Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Hypertension in Women Across the Life Cycle: Unique Aspects and Challenges.Current hypertension reports · 2026Review
- Validating the factor structure of the superwoman schema instrument in a cohort of black women with SLE.Lupus · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study on the relationship between DASH-style dietary pattern and allostatic load in Chinese pregnant women.Nutrition research and practice · 2026Article
- Racial Discrimination-Related Interoceptive Network Disruptions: A Pathway to Disconnection.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Racial discrimination has been linked to allostatic load (i.e., cumulative biological stress) among African American women. However, limited attention has been given to psychosocial processes involved in the stress response-critical for understanding biological pathways to health-in studies examining racial discrimination as a social determinant of health. We examined whether the superwoman schema (SWS), a multidimensional culture-specific framework characterizing psychosocial responses to stress among African American women, modifies the association between racial discrimination and allostatic load. We used purposive sampling to recruit a community sample of African American women ages 30-50 from five San Francisco Bay Area counties (n = 208). Path analysis was used to test for interactions while accounting for the covariance among SWS subscales using both linear and quadratic models. Significant interactions were observed between racial discrimination and four of the five SWS subscales. Feeling obligated to present an image of strength and an obligation to suppress emotions were each protective whereas feeling an intense motivation to succeed and feeling an obligation to help others exacerbated the independent health risk associated with experiencing racial discrimination. Our findings affirm the need to consider individual variability in coping and potentially other psychosocial processes involved in the stress response process, and offer several insights that may help elucidate the mechanisms by which racial discrimination gets "under the skin."
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.