ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2019
Antibiotic-Loaded Polymethylmethacrylate Beads and Spacers in Treatment of Orthopedic Infections and the Role of Biofilm Formation.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in the Application of Multimodal Nano-Antimicrobial Strategies in Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Systematic Review.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Potential side effects of antibacterial coatings in orthopaedic implants: A systematic review of clinical studies.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Pooled it
- Can nasal Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization prior to elective total joint arthroplasty reduce surgical site and prosthesis-related infections? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2020Pooled it
- Elution, Porosity, and Mechanical Performance of Vancomycin-Loaded Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Bone Cement.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial efficiency of pH-responsive PAA/PAH-coated and flucloxacillin loaded titanium implants in the Galleria mellonella model.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Clinical, etiological, and microbiological differences between foot and non-foot osteomyelitis.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2026Article
- Effects of Sub-Inhibitory Rifampicin, Minocycline, and Dalbavancin on Early Biofilm Formation and Transcriptional Responses inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Metal artifact reduction sequence MRI in hip periprosthetic joint infection management : a noninvasive reference for infection control before two-stage reimplantation.Bone & joint research · 2026Article
- Management of post-operative pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in head and neck free flap patients: Systematic review and case series.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Cement as an Interbody Spacer in Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: Results of a Scoping Review.Global spine journal · 2026Review
- 3D-Printed Vancomycin- and Gentamicin-Loaded Bone Grafts for Osteomyelitis Treatment: Drug Release and Antibacterial Efficacy.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial-loaded PMMA bone cement: time for good practice recommendations.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Bioinspired and living multiscale composites for regenerative medicine in the treatment of surgical site infections.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Threaded Antibiotic-Coated Locking Nails in Osteomyelitis-Associated Long-Bone Non-Union: Short-Term Outcomes of a Prospective Cohort.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Vancomycin-Gentamicin PMMA Bead Pouch Therapy in the Management of Pyogenic Soft Tissue Infections of the Extremities: A Case Series of 19 Patients.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Intramedullary nailing with an absorbable antibiotic bone graft substitute in fracture-related infections and osteomyelitis: a case series.OTA international : the open access journal of orthopaedic trauma · 2026Article
- Managing Bone Infections Beyond Systemic Antibiotics: A Scoping Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- CaO-SiOMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Emerging biomaterials for osteomyelitis treatment: from material design to anti-infection and tissue regeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) also referred as (acrylic) bone cement is a non-degradable biomaterial that has been used in clinical orthopedic practice for several decades. PMMA can be used in a plain formulation, but is often used in an antibiotic-loaded formulation in (primary and revision) arthroplasty and in treatment of orthopedic infections as prosthetic joint infections (PJI) and chronic osteomyelitis. In treatment of PJIs antibiotic-loaded PMMA is often used as a carrier material for local antibiotic delivery in addition to treatment with systemic antibiotics. In this case, the antibiotic-loaded PMMA is often used as a spacer or as a bead chain. Since the introduction of PMMA as an antibiotic carrier there is a tremendous amount of scientific and clinical papers published, which studied numerous different aspects of antibiotic-loaded PMMA. This paper will review the research regarding basic principles of antibiotic-loaded PMMA as mechanism of action, antibiotic-release capacities, choice of antibiotics and influences on mechanical properties of PMMA. Subsequently, concerns regarding the application of antibiotic-loaded PMMA, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and local or systemic toxicity will be discussed. In addition to these subjects, the role of antibiotic loaded PMMA in clinical treatment of PJIs and chronic osteomyelitis is discussed in the final part of this paper.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.