ReviewJournal of anatomy2019
A reappraisal and revision of the numbering of the pharyngeal arches.
Review in Journal of anatomy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relating normal human cardiac development to the anatomical findings in the congenitally malformed heart.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Assessing candidate DLX-regulated genes in the first pharyngeal arch of chick embryos.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2025Article
- Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Respiratory System From Prenatal Day 9.0 Through Postnatal Day 30.Toxicologic pathology · 2024Review
- Fgf signalling is required for gill slit formation in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea.Developmental biology · 2024Article
- Human Cardiac Development.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- A revised terminology for the pharyngeal arches and the arch arteries.Journal of anatomy · 2023Review
- Key separable events in the remodelling of the pharyngeal arches.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Common Arterial Trunk Coexisting With Double-Barreled Aorta.JACC. Case reports · 2023Article
- Morphogenetic processes in the development and evolution of the arteries of the pharyngeal arches: their relations to congenital cardiovascular malformations.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- A pictorial account of the human embryonic heart between 3.5 and 8 weeks of development.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Isolated Unilateral Agenesis of Pulmonary Artery and Reappraisal of Embryological Evolution.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2022Article
- The conundrum of pharyngeal teeth origin: the role of germ layers, pouches, and gill slits.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2022Review
- Morphogenesis of the Mammalian Aortic Arch Arteries.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Article
- Journal of Anatomy January 2020.Journal of anatomy · 2020Article
- Vertebrate Evolution Conserves Hindbrain Circuits despite Diverse Feeding and Breathing Modes.eNeuroReview
- DiGeorge syndrome and anomalous right aortic arch with arch-on-arch and figure-of-eight configurations: Aortic sac maldevelopment and left brachiocephalic artery abnormal remodeling.Annals of pediatric cardiologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The pharyngeal arches are a prominent and significant feature of vertebrate embryos. These are visible as a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the embryonic head. In humans, and other amniotes, there are five pharyngeal arches numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6; note the missing '5'. This is the standard scheme for the numbering of these structures, and it is a feature of modern anatomy textbooks. In this article, we discuss the rationale behind this odd numbering, and consider its origins. One reason given is that there is a transient 5th arch that is never fully realized, while another is that this numbering reflects considerations from comparative anatomy. We show here, however, that neither of these reasons has substance. There is no evidence from embryology for a '5th' arch, and the comparative argument does not hold as it does not apply across the vertebrates. We conclude that there is no justification for this strange numbering. We suggest that the pharyngeal arches should simply be numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 as this would be in keeping with the embryology and with the general numbering of the pharyngeal arches across the vertebrates.
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