ArticleTechnology in cancer research & treatment2019
Tumor-Treating Fields Induce RAW264.7 Macrophage Activation Via NK-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways.
Article in Technology in cancer research & treatment, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering the tumor immune landscape: Translating non-invasive physical stimulation into tumor-associated macrophage-targeted cancer immunotherapy.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Electricity-Based Locoregional Cancer Therapies and Their Associated Drug Delivery Technologies: From Principles of Action to Clinical Implications.Biomaterials research · 2026Review
- Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Phenotype Skewing Induced by Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Leupaxin/HDAC6/EGR2 axis facilitates breast cancer progression by enhancing macrophage M2 polarization.Cell biology and toxicology · 2025Article
- M1 Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Particles Induce Cell Death in MDA-MB-231 Cells.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Recent advances in Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy for glioblastoma.The oncologist · 2025Review
- Tumor-treating fields in cancer therapy: advances of cellular and molecular mechanisms.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Advancements and challenges in brain cancer therapeutics.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2024Review
- Effects of tumor treating fields (TTFields) on human mesenchymal stromal cells.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Advanced tumor electric fields therapy: A review of innovative research and development and prospect of application in glioblastoma.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Theory and application of TTFields in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Review
- Effectiveness of tumor‑treating fields to reduce the proliferation and migration of liposarcoma cell lines.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Article
- Therapeutic potential of tumor treating fields for malignant brain tumors.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Anti-cancer mechanisms of action of therapeutic alternating electric fields (tumor treating fields [TTFields]).Journal of molecular cell biology · 2022Review
- The schemes, mechanisms and molecular pathway changes of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) alone or in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Cell death discovery · 2022Review
- Review
- Tumor treating fields: An emerging treatment modality for thoracic and abdominal cavity cancers.Translational oncology · 2022Review
- Thymidine decreases the DNA damage and apoptosis caused by tumor-treating fields in cancer cell lines.Genes & genomics · 2021Article
- Tumour treating fields therapy for glioblastoma: current advances and future directions.British journal of cancer · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTumor-treating fields are currently used to successfully treat various cancers; however, the specific pathways associated with its efficacy remain unknown in the immune responses. Here, we evaluated tumor-treating fields-mediated initiation of the macrophage-specific immune response. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe subjected RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages to clinically relevant levels of tumor-treating fields (0.9 V/cm, 150 kHz) and evaluated alterations in cytokine expression and release, as well as cell viability. Additionally, we investigated the status of immunomodulatory pathways to determine their roles in tumor-treating fields-mediated immune activation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our results indicated that tumor-treating fields treatment at 0.9 V/cm decreased cell viability and increased cytokine messenger RNA/protein levels, as well as levels of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, relative to controls. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 were markedly increased in tumor-treating fields-treated RAW 264.7 cells cocultured with 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells compared with those in 4T1 or RAW 264.7 cells with or without tumor-treating fields treatment. Moreover, the viability of 4T1 cells treated with the conditioned medium of tumor-treating fields-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells decreased, indicating that macrophage activation by tumor-treating fields effectively killed the tumor cells. Moreover, tumor-treating fields treatment activated the nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways involved in immunomodulatory signaling.
conclusionThese results provide critical insights into the mechanisms through which tumor-treating fields affect macrophage-specific immune responses and the efficacy of this method for cancer treatment.
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