ArticleBMJ open2019
Spatial distribution and correlates of smoking in Zambia.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among people living with HIV in Zambia: Findings from a 2023 National NCD/HIV Survey.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with Tobacco Smoking in a National Representative Sample of Zambian Adults: Data from the 2017 STEPS - NCDs Survey.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2023Article
- Demographic characteristics associated with awareness of cigarette health warnings and thinking about quitting among current adult cigarette smokers in Zambia, 2017.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2022Article
- Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated With Risky Health Behavior Among Adult Males Aged 15-59 Years in Ethiopia: Generalized Structural Equation Modeling.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of the paper was to investigate the spatial distribution and correlates of tobacco smoking in various regions of Zambia.
methodsThis paper adopts a cross-sectional study design. The study used data from the 2013/2014 Zambia Demographic Health Survey which is a nationwide health survey conducted in all the 10 provinces. A random sample of men and women from 15 920 households was successfully selected and interviewed. All women aged 15-49 and men aged 15-59 who were either permanent residents of the households or visitors present in the households on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed.
resultsThe results show that 8.2% and 11% of Zambians in urban and rural areas smoke, respectively. In urban areas, the risk of being a cigarette smoker was 2.31 (CI: 1.69 to 3.16) and 2.03 (CI: 1.36 to 3.02) times higher for the divorced and separated. However, the risk of being a cigarette smoker was lower for those with some formal education. In rural areas, the risk of being a cigarette smoker was lower for the married (relative risk ratios (RRR): 0.69, CI: 0.55 to 0.86) and those with a formal education. Nevertheless, in rural areas, the risk of being a pipe and other smoker was higher for those who were self-employed (RRR: 8.46, CI: 2.95 to 24.20) and with an occupation (RRR: 2.37, CI: 1.39 to 4.02) but was lower among women.
conclusionTobacco smoking varies between and within regions as well as provinces. Therefore, interventions to curb
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