Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31398592›Full record

ArticleEnvironment international2019

Ultra-processed food consumption and exposure to phthalates and bisphenols in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2014.

Jessie P Buckley, Hyunju Kim, Eugenia Wong, Casey M Rebholz

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Environment international, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
146citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
12.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

146 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 292 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Microplastics at the Intersection of Toxicology, Child Health, and Human Rights.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026
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86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jessie P BuckleyDepartment of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: jessie.buckley@jhu.edu.
Hyunju KimCenter for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Eugenia WongDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Casey M RebholzDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Johns Hopkins University · US

Funding

Research BaseP30DK072488 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI MITCHELL, BRAXTON D · 2005 to 2019
$17.3M
Early Life Phthalate and Perfluoroalkyl Substance Exposures and Childhood Bone HealthR01ES030078 · NIEHS · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BUCKLEY, JESSIE P · 2019 to 2023
$2.1M
Metabolomics for Identifying Biomarkers of Dietary Intake & Kidney Disease ProgressionK01DK107782 · NIDDK · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI REBHOLZ, CASEY MARIE · 2016 to 2020
$778k
Dietary Biomarkers and Cardioprotective Mechanisms of the DASH-Sodium Diet.R21HL143089 · NHLBI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI REBHOLZ, CASEY MARIE · 2018 to 2019
$258k
NHLBI NIH HHS R21 HL143089NIDDK NIH HHS K01 DK107782NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK072488NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES030078
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUltra-processed food has low nutritional quality, is associated with development of chronic diseases, and may increase exposure to chemicals used in food packaging and production.

objectivesTo assess associations of ultra-processed food consumption with exposure to phthalates and bisphenols, including newer replacements, in the general U.S. POPULATION:

methodsAmong 2212 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 participants (≥6 years), we classified items reported in a 24-h dietary recall according to the NOVA food processing classification system and calculated energy intake from ultra-processed food. Urinary concentrations of mono-benzyl (MBzP), mono-(3-carboxypropyl) (MCPP), mono-(carboxyisononyl) (MCNP), mono-(carboxyisoctyl) (MCOP), and four metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) (∑DEHP) phthalates and bisphenols A, F, and S were measured in spot urine samples. We estimated percent changes in natural log creatinine-standardized concentrations per 10% higher energy from ultra-processed food in covariate-adjusted multivariable linear regression models. We examined effect measure modification by age group, race/ethnicity, and poverty:income ratio and assessed associations with minimally processed food intake.

resultsIn adjusted models, higher energy from ultra-processed food was associated with higher urinary concentrations of MCPP, MCNP, and MCOP but not MBzP, ∑DEHP, or bisphenols. Each 10% higher energy from ultra-processed food was associated with 8.0% (95% CI: 5.6%, 10.3%) higher urinary MCOP concentrations, with a stronger association among children than adolescents or adults. Ultra-processed sandwiches/hamburgers, French fries/other potato products, and ice cream/pops were associated with higher concentrations of multiple chemicals. Higher energy from minimally processed food was associated with lower concentrations of MCPP, MCNP, MCOP, and bisphenols A and F. DISCUSSION: Ultra-processed food consumption may increase exposure to currently used phthalates. Additional research is needed to determine whether minimally processed food diets or changes in food production practices can reduce phthalate and bisphenol exposures and related health effects, particularly among children who are more vulnerable to toxicants and tend to consume more ultra-processed food than adults.

Indexed as

Food ContaminationAdolescentAdultBenzhydryl CompoundsBisphenol A CompoundsBisphenol F CompoundsChildDietDietary ExposureFast FoodsHumansNutrition SurveysPhenolsPhthalic AcidsUnited StatesYoung AdultBenzhydryl Compoundsbisphenol ABisphenol A Compoundsbisphenol FBisphenol F CompoundsPhenolsPhthalic AcidsBisphenol AEndocrine disruptorsExposure assessmentPhthalatesProcessed food

Identifiers

PMID31398592
PMCPMC6728187
OpenAlexW2964474706

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.