ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Microenvironmental Regulation of Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response in Brain Metastasis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 219 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal fluid ctDNA as a prognostic and disease-activity biomarker in leptomeningeal metastases: systematic review, meta-analysis, and implications for CSF-guided care.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- The prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Bioinformatics-based analysis of the relationship between disulfidptosis and prognosis and treatment response in pancreatic cancer.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- ANKRD49 promotes immune evasion in lung adenocarcinoma by activating the MEF2A/PD‑L1 axis.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Article
- Consensus statement on microglial and macrophage functions in gliomas.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Brain metastases exhibit distinct spatial patterns of resident and infiltrating macrophages.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Fueling or Fighting Cancer? The Thermogenic Paradox of Brown Adipose Tissue.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- Nervous and immune system crosstalk shapes cancer progression and treatment response.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Obstructive sleep apnea and lung cancer: molecular underpinnings and clinical translational prospects.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Expression and prognostic significance of CRKL in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Murine Tissue Architecture and Cellular Spatial Relationships in Murine Tumor Microenvironments Utilizing Multiplex Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Targeting the metabolic niche: vulnerabilities and opportunities in brain metastases.Oxford open neuroscience · 2026Review
- Dysfunctional circadian-driven dynamics in gut microbiota and tumor microenvironment.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Cancer immunotherapy by adenosinergic CD39 and CD73 as emerging immune checkpoints.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Integrative analysis identifies LHFPL6 as a CAF-specific prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Multi-omics study of prognostic models and molecular networks related to ovarian cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Metabolic and immune crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and pancreatic cancer cells.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- GPD1L as a potential biomarker associated with Treg cell infiltration and lipid metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are emerging as key regulators of primary tumor progression, organ-specific metastasis, and therapeutic response. In the era of TME-targeted- and immunotherapies, cancer-associated inflammation has gained increasing attention. In this regard, the brain represents a unique and highly specialized organ. It has long been regarded as an immunological sanctuary site where the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) restricts the entry of immune cells from the periphery. Consequently, tumor cells that metastasize to the brain were thought to be shielded from systemic immune surveillance and destruction. However, the detailed characterization of the immune landscape within border-associated areas of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the meninges and the choroid plexus, as well as the discovery of lymphatics and channels that connect the CNS with the periphery, have recently challenged the dogma of the immune privileged status of the brain. Moreover, the presence of brain metastases (BrM) disrupts the integrity of the BBB and BCB. Indeed, BrM induce the recruitment of different immune cells from the myeloid and lymphoid lineage to the CNS. Blood-borne immune cells together with brain-resident cell-types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, form a highly complex and dynamic TME that affects tumor cell survival and modulates the mode of immune responses that are elicited by brain metastatic tumor cells. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on heterotypic interactions within the brain metastatic TME and highlight specific functions of brain-resident and recruited cells at different rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. Based on the insight from recent studies, we will discuss new opportunities and challenges for TME-targeted and immunotherapies for BrM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.