ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2019
Evidence for Etiologic Subtypes of Breast Cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Etiology of gene expression-based subtypes of breast cancer in the Ghana Breast Health Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Can We Interpret Analyses of Etiologic Heterogeneity When Molecular Markers Are Used to Classify Tumors?Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Assessing etiological heterogeneity for multinomial outcome with two-phase outcome-dependent sampling design.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Genomic Analysis Reveals Racial and Age-Related Differences in the Somatic Landscape of Breast Cancer and the Association with Socioeconomic Factors.Cancer research · 2025Article
- Misclassification of second primary and recurrent breast cancer in the surveillance epidemiology and end results registry.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Spatial Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Breast Cancer Progression.Cancers · 2022Article
- TP53 Pathway Function, Estrogen Receptor Status, and Breast Cancer Risk Factors in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Article
- Integrating biology and access to care in addressing breast cancer disparities: 25 years' research experience in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.Current breast cancer reports · 2020Article
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer Is Associated with Indigenous American Ancestry in Latin American Women.Cancer research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDistinctions in the etiology of triple-negative versus luminal breast cancer have become well established using immunohistochemical surrogates [notably estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)]. However, it is unclear whether established immunohistochemical subtypes are the sole or definitive means of etiologically subdividing breast cancers.
methodsWe evaluated clinical biomarkers and tumor suppressor p53 with risk factor data from cases and controls in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based study of incident breast cancers. For each individual marker and combinations of markers, we calculated an aggregate measure to distinguish the etiologic heterogeneity of different classification schema. To compare schema, we estimated subtype-specific case-control odds ratios for individual risk factors and fit age-at-incidence curves with two-component mixture models. We also evaluated subtype concordance of metachronous contralateral breast tumors in the California Cancer Registry.
resultsER was the biomarker that individually explained the greatest variability in risk factor profiles. However, further subdivision by p53 significantly increased the degree of etiologic heterogeneity. Age at diagnosis, nulliparity, and race were heterogeneously associated with ER/p53 subtypes. The ER
conclusionsClinical marker-based intrinsic subtypes have established value, yet other schema may also yield important etiologic insights. IMPACT: Novel environmental or genetic risk factors may be identifiable by considering different etiologic schema, including cross-classification based on ER/p53.
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