ArticleNature2019
A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement.
Article in Nature, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 262 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
262 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,402 citations in OpenAlex.
- Annual Research Review: Associations of socioeconomic status with cognitive function, language ability, and academic achievement in youth: a systematic review of mechanisms and protective factors.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Pooled it
- Can a Short-Term Intervention Promote Growth Among Parents of Children with ASD?Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Trial
- Growth mindset intervention and academic engagement: the mediating role of l2 motivational self system among non-English majors.BMC psychology · 2026Trial
- Growth Mindset Intervention's Impact on Positive Response to eHealth for Older Adults With Chronic Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR human factors · 2025Trial
- Explore your brain: A randomized controlled trial into the effectiveness of a growth mindset intervention with psychosocial and psychophysiological components.The British journal of educational psychology · 2025Trial
- Can a multicomponent positive psychological intervention promote well-being in parents of young children? A randomized controlled trial study in Hong Kong.Family process · 2024Trial
- Mindfulness and connection training during preservice teacher education reduces early career teacher attrition 4 years later.Journal of school psychology · 2024Trial
- Reading instruction causes changes in category-selective visual cortex.Brain research bulletin · 2024Trial
- Impacts of the Chicago School Readiness Project on measures of achievement, cognitive functioning, and behavioral regulation in late adolescence.Developmental psychology · 2023Trial
- Changing Mindsets About Side Effects of the COVID-19 Vaccination: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Trial
- A Smartphone-Based Implicit Theories Intervention for Health Behavior Change: Randomized Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2023Trial
- Gardening in Childcare Centers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Effects of a Garden Intervention on Physical Activity among Children Aged 3-5 Years in North Carolina.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- A prosocial fake news intervention with durable effects.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Peer-Modeled Mindsets: An Approach to Customizing Life Sciences Studying Interventions.CBE life sciences education · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Promoting gender equity in very young adolescents: targeting a window of opportunity for social emotional learning and identity development.BMC public health · 2021Trial
- A "growth mindset of mental health" intervention increases the likelihood of initiating self-help on a mental health app: a randomized controlled trial.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Unravel a Knot: Exploring Double Edged Effects of Gratitude Mindset on Social Behaviors.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sociolinguistic Context Constrains Bilingual Advantages in Metacognition.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- Effects of a Digital Parent-Child Single-Session Growth Mindset Intervention on Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Three-Arm Waitlist Randomized Controlled Trial.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Article
202 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 12 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A global priority for the behavioural sciences is to develop cost-effective, scalable interventions that could improve the academic outcomes of adolescents at a population level, but no such interventions have so far been evaluated in a population-generalizable sample. Here we show that a short (less than one hour), online growth mindset intervention-which teaches that intellectual abilities can be developed-improved grades among lower-achieving students and increased overall enrolment to advanced mathematics courses in a nationally representative sample of students in secondary education in the United States. Notably, the study identified school contexts that sustained the effects of the growth mindset intervention: the intervention changed grades when peer norms aligned with the messages of the intervention. Confidence in the conclusions of this study comes from independent data collection and processing, pre-registration of analyses, and corroboration of results by a blinded Bayesian analysis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.