Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31384073›Full record

ArticleBulletin of the World Health Organization2019

Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016.

Jane Rowley, Stephen Vander Hoorn, Eline Korenromp, Nicola Low, Magnus Unemo, Laith J Abu-Raddad, R Matthew Chico, Alex Smolak, Lori Newman, Sami Gottlieb and 3 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · diamondAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05783856 (Application of Vaginal-spraying LiveSpo X-secret in Supporting Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Vietnamese Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 785 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
785citing papers in PubMed, 15 pooled it
136.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05783856 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Application of Vaginal-spraying LiveSpo X-secret in Supporting Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Vietnamese Women

TypeinterventionalSponsorAnabio R&DRan2020 to 2023Enrolled100ConditionsSexually Transmitted DiseasesArmsLiveSpo X-secret, 0.9% NaCl physiological saline
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

785 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,613 citations in OpenAlex.

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  2. Epidemiology ofBMJ global health · 2026
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  9. German evidence- and consensus-based guideline on the management of penile urethritis.Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG · 2025
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  10. High rates of Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis co-infection in people with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025
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725 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.

Jane RowleyDepartment of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Stephen Vander HoornSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Eline KorenrompAvenir Health, Geneva, Switzerland.
Nicola LowInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Magnus UnemoWHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
Laith J Abu-RaddadDepartment of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
R Matthew ChicoDepartment of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England.
Alex SmolakDepartment of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
Lori NewmanEnteric and Sexually Transmitted Infections Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, United States of America.
Sami GottliebDepartment of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Soe Soe ThwinDepartment of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Nathalie BroutetDepartment of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Melanie M TaylorDepartment of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
World Health Organization · CHLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBÖrebro University · SEUniversity of Bern · CHUniversity of Melbourne · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo generate estimates of the global prevalence and incidence of urogenital infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis in women and men, aged 15-49 years, in 2016.

methodsFor chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, we systematically searched for studies conducted between 2009 and 2016 reporting prevalence. We also consulted regional experts. To generate estimates, we used Bayesian meta-analysis. For syphilis, we aggregated the national estimates generated by using Spectrum-STI.

findingsFor chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis, 130 studies were eligible. For syphilis, the Spectrum-STI database contained 978 data points for the same period. The 2016 global prevalence estimates in women were: chlamydia 3.8% (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 3.3-4.5); gonorrhoea 0.9% (95% UI: 0.7-1.1); trichomoniasis 5.3% (95% UI:4.0-7.2); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4-0.6). In men prevalence estimates were: chlamydia 2.7% (95% UI: 1.9-3.7); gonorrhoea 0.7% (95% UI: 0.5-1.1); trichomoniasis 0.6% (95% UI: 0.4-0.9); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4-0.6). Total estimated incident cases were 376.4 million: 127.2 million (95% UI: 95.1-165.9 million) chlamydia cases; 86.9 million (95% UI: 58.6-123.4 million) gonorrhoea cases; 156.0 million (95% UI: 103.4-231.2 million) trichomoniasis cases; and 6.3 million (95% UI: 5.5-7.1 million) syphilis cases.

conclusionGlobal estimates of prevalence and incidence of these four curable sexually transmitted infections remain high. The study highlights the need to expand data collection efforts at country level and provides an initial baseline for monitoring progress of the

Indexed as

Global HealthAdolescentAdultChlamydia InfectionsFemaleGonorrheaHumansInteratrial BlockMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceSexually Transmitted DiseasesSyphilisTrichomonas InfectionsYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID31384073
PMCPMC6653813
OpenAlexW2963541510

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.