Trial reportBulletin of the World Health Organization2019
Long-term impact of a community-led sanitation campaign in India, 2005-2016.
Trial report in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of extreme weather events on faecal sludge management based on standardized precipitation index in Dar es Salaam.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Early warning systems, mobile technology, and cholera aversion: Evidence from rural Bangladesh.Journal of environmental economics and management · 2024Article
- What works in sanitation promotion?Health promotion international · 2023Article
- Community matters: Heterogeneous impacts of a sanitation intervention.World development · 2023Article
- Social and financial incentives for overcoming a collective action problem.Journal of development economics · 2023Article
- Review
- Patterns and Drivers of Household Sanitation Access and Sustainability in Kwale County, Kenya.Environmental science & technology · 2021Article
- Zoonotic and vector-borne parasites and epilepsy in low-income and middle-income countries.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the long-term impact of a community-led total sanitation campaign in rural India.
methodsLocal organizations in Odisha state, India worked with researchers to evaluate a community-led total sanitation campaign, which aimed to increase the demand for household latrines by raising awareness of the social costs of poor sanitation. The intervention ran from February to March 2006 in 20 randomly-selected villages and 20 control villages. Within sampled villages, we surveyed a random subset of households (around 28 households per village) at baseline in 2005 and over the subsequent 10-year period. We analysed changes in latrine ownership, latrine functionality and open defecation among approximately 1000 households. We estimated linear probability models that examined differences between households in intervention and control villages in 2006, 2010 and 2016.
findingsIn 2010, 4 years after the intervention, ownership of latrines was significantly higher (29.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, CI: 17.5 to 41.2) and open defecation was significantly lower (-6.8 percentage points; 95% CI: -13.1 to -1.0) among households in intervention villages, relative to controls. In 2016, intervention households continued to have higher rates of ever owning a latrine (26.3 percentage points; 95% CI: 20.9 to 31.8). However, latrine functionality and open defecation were no longer different across groups, due to both acquisition of latrines by control households and abandonment and deterioration of latrines in intervention homes.
conclusionFuture research should investigate how to maintain and rehabilitate latrines and how to sustain long-term behaviour change.
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