ArticleBMC infectious diseases2019
Treatment outcomes and risk factors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with co-morbidities.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gastrointestinal tuberculosis: A systematic review of epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment.Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology AssociationPooled it
- Clinical Characteristics of People With Extrapulmonary and Disseminated Tuberculosis: A 23-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in People Without HIV Without Pharmacological Immunosuppression.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Comparison of the treatment outcomes and identification of the risk factors associated with unfavorable outcomes among extra pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis patients under NTEP.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Transthoracic ultrasound features to differentiate tuberculous from malignant pleural effusion: development of a machine learning-based clinical prediction model.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Drug Resistance in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Korea, 2010-2019: A Comparison With Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Gaps in the Diagnosis and Treatment in Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Under National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) Guidelines: A Multicentric Cohort Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Musculoskeletal Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Effect of glycemic control on lymphocyte subsets in the dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective analysis.Infectious medicine · 2025Article
- Distinct Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary and Disseminated Tuberculosis in HIV- and Non-HIV-Associated Immunosuppression: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and factors influencing successful treatment outcomes among notified cases in South India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Among US Veterans, 1990-2022.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Interferon-gamma release assays as a tool for differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal tuberculosis.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Article
- Factors Associated With Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Southeastern Mexico: A Case-Control Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
- Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Brunei Darussalam: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Treatment outcome and its associated factors among HIV-MTB co-infected patients in Sichuan, China: A retrospective study.Medicine · 2022Article
- Survival Trend of Tuberculosis Patients and Risk Factors Associated with Mortality and Developing Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia: A Retrospective Study.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2022Article
- A Five-Year Epidemiological Study of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Its Related Risk Factors in Iran.Tanaffos · 2022Article
- Host-directed therapies in pulmonary tuberculosis: Updates on anti-inflammatory drugs.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Tuberculous pleural effusion in a patient with sympathetic ophthalmia on immunosuppression: a case report.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExtra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) represents about 14% of all cases of tuberculosis (TB) in Malaysia. The aims of the study include evaluation of socio-demographic factors, clinical manifestations, co-morbidities among patients with EPTB and their treatment outcomes.
methodsA retrospective study was conducted to recognize the epidemiology facts of EPTB. Individual data for EPTB patients were collected from TB registers, laboratory TB registers, treatment cards and TB medical personal files into a standardized study questionnaire. Crude (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined to assess the risk factors for EPTB and unsuccessful treatment outcomes.
resultsThere were 1222 EPTB patients presenting 13.1% of all TB cases during 2006-2008. Pleural effusion and lymph node TB were the most frequent types and accounted for 45.1% of all EPTB cases among study participants. Treatment success rate was 67.6%. The best treatment completion rates were found in children ≤15 years (0.478 [0.231-1.028]; p = 0.05). On multivariate analysis, age group 56-65 years (1.658 [1.157-2.376]; p = 0.006), relapse cases (7.078 [1.585-31.613]; p = 0.010), EPTB-DM (1.773 [1.165-2.698]; p = 0.008), patients with no formal (2.266 [1.254-4.095]; p = 0.001) and secondary level of education (1.889 [1.085-3.288]; p = 0.025) were recorded as statistically positive significant risk factors for unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Patients at the risk of EPTB were more likely to be females (1.524 [1.311-1.746]; p < 0.001), Malays (1.251 [1.056-1.482]; p = 0.010) and Indians (1.450 [1.142-1.842]; p = 0.002), TB-HIV (3.215 [2.347-4.405]; p < 0.001), EPDM-HIV (4.361 [1.657-11.474]; p = 0.003), EPTB-HIV-HEP (4.083 [2.785-5.987]; p < 0.001), those living in urban areas (1.272 [1.109-1.459]; p = 0.001) and no formal education (1.361 [1.018-1.820]; p = 0.037).
conclusionThe findings of this study extend the knowledge of EPTB epidemiology and highlight the need for improved EPTB detection in Malaysia, especially in subpopulations with high risk for EPTB and unsuccessful treatment outcomes.
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