ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2019
Mitochondrial Toxicity of Azithromycin Results in Aerobic Glycolysis and DNA Damage of Human Mammary Epithelia and Fibroblasts.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antibiotic-Induced Genotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms, Cytogenetic Damage, and Implications for Human Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Antibiotic-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis: National Database Analysis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Prenatal Azithromycin Exposure and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward azithromycin infusion reactions among pediatric nurses: a cross-sectional study.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- The Protective Role of Folic Acid in Biochemical and Histopathological Changes Induced by Azithromycin in the Livers of Pregnant Albino Rats.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Exploring Azithromycin's Neuroprotective Role in Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights into Cognitive and Motor Recovery and Neuroinflammatory Modulation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The metabolic footprint of Vero E6 cells highlights the key metabolic routes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and response to drug combinations.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Vitamin C, doxycycline, and azithromycin (VDA) targeted changes in cellular senescence-related genes in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2024Article
- Azithromycin inhibits glioblastoma angiogenesis in mice via inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2023Article
- A Review of Antibiotic Efficacy in COVID-19 Control.Journal of immunology research · 2023Review
- Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alter the contractility of living porcine heart slices.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone Differentially Activate NLRP3 in LPS Primed Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis as a Pleiotropic Effect of Commonly Used Drugs.Frontiers in aging · 2022Review
- Applying the Cytocentric Principles to Regenerative Medicine for Reproducibility.Current stem cell reports · 2022Article
- Mitochondria and Antibiotics: For Good or for Evil?Biomolecules · 2021Review
- A short review on cross-link between pyruvate kinase (PKM2) and Glioblastoma Multiforme.Metabolic brain disease · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mitochondria evolved from free-living bacteria via endocytosis within eukaryotic host cells millions of year ago. We hypothesized that antibiotics cause mammalian mitochondrial damage while causing bacterial lethality. Mitochondrial toxicity of azithromycin in human mammary epithelia MCF-12A and fibroblasts were tested by fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy. Gene expression and DNA damage were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and ELISA. We found azithromycin suppressed the mitochondrial membrane potential gradient of MCF-12A cells and fibroblasts. Ultrastructure exams showed that the antibiotic caused vacuolated and swollen mitochondria with disrupted cristae in MCF-12A cells and fibroblasts compared to the morphology of mitochondria in the cells without antibiotic treatment. Fluorescent microscopy also showed azithromycin-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide, after 3 h of culture. The DNA oxidative damage product, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, significantly increased in the media after MCF-12A cells and fibroblasts were cultured in the media containing azithromycin for 24 h. Azithromycin upregulated gene expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (
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