Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31375262›Full record

ArticleMolecular cell2019

Heterozygous Mutations in SMARCA2 Reprogram the Enhancer Landscape by Global Retargeting of SMARCA4.

Fangjian Gao, Nicholas J Elliott, Josephine Ho, Alexzander Sharp, Maxim N Shokhirev, Diana C Hargreaves

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular cell, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.

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  12. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Fangjian GaoMolecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Nicholas J ElliottMolecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Josephine HoMolecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Alexzander SharpBiological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Maxim N ShokhirevRazavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Diana C HargreavesMolecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: dhargreaves@salk.edu.
Salk Institute for Biological Studies · USUniversity of California, San Diego · US

Funding

Viral Vector Core (VVC)P30CA014195 · NCI · SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES · PI Ye Zheng · 1985 to 2026
$82.8M
The role of BAF related complexes in regulatory T cell development and functionR01AI151123 · NIAID · SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES · PI HARGREAVES, DIANA CLARE, ZHENG, YE · 2020 to 2024
$4.0M
Epigenetic regulation of embryonic stem cells by ATP-dependent BAF chromatin remodeling complexesR35GM128943 · NIGMS · SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES · PI HARGREAVES, DIANA CLARE · 2018 to 2022
$2.5M
Targeting Ovarian Cancer via Cooperative Oncogene InteractionsR00CA184043 · NCI · SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES · PI HARGREAVES, DIANA CLARE · 2015 to 2017
$747k
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA014195NCI NIH HHS R00 CA184043NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI151123NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM128943
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mammalian SWI/SNF complexes are multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes associated with an ATPase (either SMARCA4 or SMARCA2). Heterozygous mutations in the SMARCA2 ATPase cause Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS), an intellectual disability syndrome associated with delayed speech onset. We engineered human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to carry NCBRS-associated heterozygous SMARCA2 K755R or R1159Q mutations. While SMARCA2 mutant hESCs were phenotypically normal, differentiation to neural progenitors cells (NPCs) was severely impaired. We find that SMARCA2 mutations cause enhancer reorganization with loss of SOX3-dependent neural enhancers and prominent emergence of astrocyte-specific de novo enhancers. Changes in chromatin accessibility at enhancers were associated with an increase in SMARCA2 binding and retargeting of SMARCA4. We show that the AP-1 family member FRA2 is aberrantly overexpressed in SMARCA2 mutant NPCs, where it functions as a pioneer factor at de novo enhancers. Together, our results demonstrate that SMARCA2 mutations cause impaired differentiation through enhancer reprogramming via inappropriate targeting of SMARCA4.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticHeterozygoteMutation, MissenseAmino Acid SubstitutionCell DifferentiationChromatinDNA HelicasesFaciesFoot Deformities, CongenitalFos-Related Antigen-2HEK293 CellsHuman Embryonic Stem CellsHumansHypotrichosisIntellectual DisabilityNeural Stem CellsChromatinDNA HelicasesFOSL2 protein, humanFos-Related Antigen-2Nuclear ProteinsSMARCA2 protein, humanSMARCA4 protein, humanSOX3 protein, humanSOXB1 Transcription FactorsTranscription FactorsAP-1chromatin remodelingneural differentiationneural progenitor cellsSMARCA2SWI/SNF complex

Identifiers

PMID31375262
PMCPMC7291823
OpenAlexW2965831956

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.