ArticleEuropean radiology2020
Applicability of two commonly used bone age assessment methods to twenty-first century UK children.
Article in European radiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bone age assessment: comparative analysis of Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse 3 by pediatric radiologists and endocrinologists.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Developing new methods for the accurate evaluation of children's bone age based on X-ray images: a study on the accuracy and consistency of artificial intelligence and manual bone age evaluation.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Testis Molecular Pathways in CAIS Unveil Testosterone/Estradiol on Germ Cell Tumor Risk in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Proof-of-concept comparison of an artificial intelligence-based bone age assessment tool with Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse version 2 methods in a pediatric cohort.Pediatric radiology · 2026Article
- Age Estimation of the Cervical Vertebrae Region Using Deep Learning.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Automatic Bone Age Determination in Adult Height Prediction for Girls with Early Variants Puberty and Precocious PubertyJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2025Article
- Observational
- Assessing skeletal maturity in a UK modern female population.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Shorthand Knee MRI Atlas for Bone Age Estimation in the Korean Population.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence model system for bone age assessment of preschool children.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Automated Distal Radius and Ulna Skeletal Maturity Grading from Hand Radiographs with an Attention Multi-Task Learning Method.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2024Article
- The Validation of the Greulich and Pyle Atlas for Radiological Bone Age Assessments in a Pediatric Population from the Canary Islands.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Greulich and Pyle atlas: a non-reliable skeletal maturity assessment method in the North Indian population.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2024Article
- Does ethnicity influence bone health index in children? A pilot study.Pediatric radiology · 2024Article
- Precision and Accuracy of Radiological Bone Age Assessment in Children among Different Ethnic Groups: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Texture Analysis for the Bone Age Assessment from MRI Images of Adolescent Wrists in Boys.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Bone age assessment: Large-scale comparison of Greulich-Pyle method and Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method for Taiwanese children.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2023Article
- Review
- Effect of AI-assisted software on inter- and intra-observer variability for the X-ray bone age assessment of preschool children.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Current and emerging artificial intelligence applications for pediatric musculoskeletal radiology.Pediatric radiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo assess the effect of secular change on skeletal maturation and thus on the applicability of the Greulich and Pyle (G&P) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW3) methods.
methodsBoneXpert was used to assess bone age from 392 hand trauma radiographs (206 males, 257 left). The paired sample t test was performed to assess the difference between mean bone age (BA) and mean chronological age (CA). ANOVA was used to assess the differences between groups based on socioeconomic status (taken from the Index of Multiple Deprivation).
resultsCA ranged from 2 to 15 years for females and 2.5 to 15 years for males. Numbers of children living in low, average and high socioeconomic areas were 216 (55%), 74 (19%) and 102 (26%) respectively. We found no statistically significant difference between BA and CA when using G&P. However, using TW3, CA was underestimated in females beyond the age of 3 years, with significant differences between BA and CA (- 0.43 years, SD 1.05, p = < 0.001) but not in males (0.01 years, SD 0.97, p = 0.76). Of the difference in females, 17.8% was accounted for by socioeconomic status.
conclusionNo significant difference exists between BoneXpert-derived BA and CA when using the G&P atlas in our study population. There was a statistically significant underestimation of BoneXpert-derived BA compared with CA in females when using TW3, particularly in those from low and average socioeconomic backgrounds. Secular change has not led to significant advancement in skeletal maturation within our study population. KEY POINTS: • The Greulich and Pyle method can be applied to the present-day United Kingdom (UK) population. • The Tanner and Whitehouse (TW3) method consistently underestimates the age of twenty-first century UK females by an average of 5 months. • Secular change has not advanced skeletal maturity of present-day UK children compared with those of the mid-twentieth century.
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