ArticleCerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)2020
Sex Matters: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Sex- and Gender-Related Neuroanatomical Differences in Cis- and Transgender Individuals Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Article in Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Sex and Gender in Population Neuroscience.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2024Review
- Accurate sex prediction of cisgender and transgender individuals without brain size bias.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Equitable modelling of brain imaging by counterfactual augmentation with morphologically constrained 3D deep generative models.Medical image analysis · 2023Article
- Digital biomarkers and sex impacts in Alzheimer's disease management - potential utility for innovative 3P medicine approach.The EPMA journal · 2022Article
- Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Replication of Previous Findings? Comparing Gray Matter Volumes in Transgender Individuals with Gender Incongruence and Cisgender Individuals.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- A Multi-Modal MRI Analysis of Cortical Structure in Relation to Gender Dysphoria, Sexual Orientation, and Age in Adolescents.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain Correlates of Adult-Onset Depression: A Pilot Structural and Functional 3T MRI Study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Epigenetics Is Implicated in the Basis of Gender Incongruence: An Epigenome-Wide Association Analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
- Biological sex classification with structural MRI data shows increased misclassification in transgender women.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Because the machine can discriminate: How machine learning serves and transforms biological explanations of human difference.Big data & societyArticle
- Changes to hypothalamic volume and associated subunits during gender-affirming hormone therapy.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPNArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Univariate analyses of structural neuroimaging data have produced heterogeneous results regarding anatomical sex- and gender-related differences. The current study aimed at delineating and cross-validating brain volumetric surrogates of sex and gender by comparing the structural magnetic resonance imaging data of cis- and transgender subjects using multivariate pattern analysis. Gray matter (GM) tissue maps of 29 transgender men, 23 transgender women, 35 cisgender women, and 34 cisgender men were created using voxel-based morphometry and analyzed using support vector classification. Generalizability of the models was estimated using repeated nested cross-validation. For external validation, significant models were applied to hormone-treated transgender subjects (n = 32) and individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 27). Sex was identified with a balanced accuracy (BAC) of 82.6% (false discovery rate [pFDR] < 0.001) in cisgender, but only with 67.5% (pFDR = 0.04) in transgender participants indicating differences in the neuroanatomical patterns associated with sex in transgender despite the major effect of sex on GM volume irrespective of the self-identification as a woman or man. Gender identity and gender incongruence could not be reliably identified (all pFDR > 0.05). The neuroanatomical signature of sex in cisgender did not interact with depressive features (BAC = 74.7%) but was affected by hormone therapy when applied in transgender women (P < 0.001).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.