Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31368002›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2019

Socioeconomic Status, Preeclampsia Risk and Gestational Length in Black and White Women.

Kharah M Ross, Christine Dunkel Schetter, Monica R McLemore, Brittany D Chambers, Randi A Paynter, Rebecca Baer, Sky K Feuer, Elena Flowers, Deborah Karasek, Matthew Pantell and 3 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
52citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
8.6field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

52 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Effects of maternal education on maternal and perinatal outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 356 402 pregnancies.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026
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  9. Geographic Age Cohort Study of Maternal Hypertensive Disorders.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025
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  16. Lower Socioeconomic Status Predicts Increased Proinflammatory Signaling in Late Pregnancy: Evidence From a Filipino Cohort.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Kharah M RossOwerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, #355, 3820 24th Ave, Calgary, AB, T3B 2X9, Canada. kharah.ross@ucalgary.ca.ORCID 0000-0002-1472-5630
Christine Dunkel SchetterDepartment of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Monica R McLemoreDepartment of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Brittany D ChambersCalifornia Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Randi A PaynterCalifornia Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Rebecca BaerCalifornia Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sky K FeuerCalifornia Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Elena FlowersDepartment of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Deborah KarasekCalifornia Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Matthew PantellDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aric A PratherDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kelli RyckmanDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Laura Jelliffe-PawlowskiCalifornia Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
University of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of Calgary · CAUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Iowa · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHigher socioeconomic status (SES) has less impact on cardio-metabolic disease and preterm birth risk among Black women compared to White women, an effect called "diminishing returns." No studies have tested whether this also occurs for pregnancy cardio-metabolic disease, specifically preeclampsia, or whether preeclampsia risk could account for race-by-SES disparities in birth timing.

methodsA sample of 718,604 Black and White women was drawn from a population-based California cohort of singleton births. Education, public health insurance status, gestational length, and preeclampsia diagnosis were extracted from a State-maintained birth cohort database. Age, prenatal care, diabetes diagnosis, smoking during pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were covariates.

resultsIn logistic regression models predicting preeclampsia risk, the race-by-SES interaction (for both education and insurance status) was significant. White women were at lower risk for preeclampsia, and higher SES further reduced risk. Black women were at higher risk for preeclampsia, and SES did not attenuate risk. In pathway analyses predicting gestational length, an indirect effect of the race-by-SES interaction was observed. Among White women, higher SES predicted lower preeclampsia risk, which in turn predicted longer gestation. The same was not observed for Black women.

conclusionsCompared to White women, Black women had increased preeclampsia risk. Higher SES attenuated risk for preeclampsia among White women, but not for Black women. Similarly, higher SES indirectly predicted longer gestational length via reduced preeclampsia risk among White women, but not for Black women. These findings are consistent with diminishing returns of higher SES for Black women with respect to preeclampsia.

Indexed as

Black or African AmericanEducational StatusGestational AgeSocial ClassWhite PeopleAdultBody Mass IndexCaliforniaFemaleHumansInsurance, HealthLogistic ModelsMaternal AgeMedicaidParityPre-EclampsiaGestational lengthHealth disparitiesPreeclampsiaRace/ethnicitySocioeconomic status

Identifiers

PMID31368002
OpenAlexW2964381151

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.