ArticleInternational forum of allergy & rhinology2019
Olfactory dysfunction persists after smoking cessation and signals increased cardiovascular risk.
Article in International forum of allergy & rhinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04617444 (Substudy of Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation), which is not on this map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Substudy of Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (ESTxENDS Trial)- the Olfactory Function Substudy of ESTxENDS
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Olfactory Impairment With All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2022Pooled it
- Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.Ageing research reviews · 2021Pooled it
- The association between olfactory dysfunction and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in middle-aged and older adults.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- High Pesticide Exposure Events and Self-Reported and Measured Olfactory Dysfunction.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2026Article
- Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular biomarkers in relation to odor identification in a naturalistic clinical cohort.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Olfaction and Coronary Heart Disease.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2026Article
- Smoking history and the rate of hearing decline in aging: Results from a longitudinal cohort study.Hearing research · 2026Article
- Subjective smell- and taste loss in diabetes-A questionnaire-based study on 47 011 individuals with diabetes and matched controls.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Older Adults With Olfactory Dysfunction.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2025Article
- Idiopathic hyposmia as a marker of prodromal Parkinson's disease - a cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrative genetic analysis reveals new relationships between intraocular pressure, glaucoma, and ischemic stroke risk: a study based on combined SNP-to-gene, Mendelian randomization and pathway investigations.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Cerebrovascular burden and neurodegeneration linked to 15-year odor identification decline in older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Association between duration or intensity of tobacco smoking and olfactory function: A cross-sectional study among smokers willing to quit smoking.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of medication use on olfactory performance in older adults.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
- Association of prior military service with olfactory function among older adults.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2024Article
- Olfactory Impairment and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Olfactory identification, cognition, depressive symptoms, and 5-year mortality in patients with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2024Article
- Effect of exercise engagement and cardiovascular risk on neuronal injury.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Association between social determinants of health and olfactory dysfunction in older adults: A population-based analysis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the intensity of cigarette odors based on the perception of consumers.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOlfaction plays a critical role in health and function in older adults, and impaired sense of smell is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality. Smoking cigarettes causes olfactory impairment, but the mechanism of damage and ability to recover after cessation are unknown. We investigated the relationship between time since quitting and olfactory dysfunction in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which smoking damages the olfactory system and to inform patient counseling.
methodsUsing longitudinal data from the National Social Life Health and Aging Project (n = 3528 older adults, including 1526 former smokers), we analyzed the association between odor identification performance and time since smoking cessation using multivariate ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for cognition and demographic variables. To test whether vascular disease plays a role, we also assessed the relationship between olfactory decline and incidence of heart attack and heart disease.
resultsFormer smokers who quit ≤15 years before testing had significantly impaired olfaction compared to never smokers (p = 0.04), but those who quit >15 years prior did not. Olfactory decline over 5 years showed modest evidence toward predicting increased incidence of heart attack or heart disease (p = 0.08).
conclusionOlfactory impairment in smokers persists 15 years after quitting, which is consistent with a vascular mechanism of impairment. Indeed, olfactory decline is a predictor of the development of cardiovascular disease. Taken together, these data suggest that olfactory loss may be a useful sign of underlying vascular pathology. Further investigation of olfactory loss as an early biomarker for cardiovascular disease is warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.