ArticleBMJ open2019
Are socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of small-for-gestational-age birth narrowing? Findings from a population-based cohort in the South of England.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Demographic, socio-economic, obstetric, and behavioral factors associated with small-and large-for-gestational-age from a prospective, population-based pregnancy cohort in rural Nepal: a secondary data analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Trial
- Involvement of Maternal and Socioeconomic Risk Factors in the Incidence of Fetal Growth Restriction in a Large Maternity Hospital in Romania.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- Differences in Antenatal Care Policies in England, Finland, and the Netherlands: A Framing analysis.Maternal and child health journal · 2024Article
- Insights into Prevention of Health Complications in Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Births in Relation to Maternal Characteristics: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
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- Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Social Inequalities and Pregnancy Outcome-Identification of Relevant Pathways and Mechanisms.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Association Between Household and Maternal Socioeconomic Factors with Birth Outcomes in the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Africa: A Comparative Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2021Article
- Low birth weight trends in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, 2000-2015: economic, health system and demographic conditionings.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate socioeconomic inequalities, using maternal educational attainment, maternal and partner employment status, and lone motherhood indicators, in the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births, their time trend, potential mediation by maternal smoking and body mass index, and effect modification by parity.
designPopulation-based birth cohort using routine antenatal healthcare data.
settingBabies born at University Hospital Southampton, UK, between 2004 and 2016.
participants65 909 singleton live births born to mothers aged ≥18 years between 24-week and 42-week gestation.
main outcome measuresSGA (birth weight <10th percentile for others born at the same number of completed weeks compared with 2013/2014 within England and Wales).
resultsBabies born to mothers educated up to secondary school level (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.32, 99% CI 1.19 to 1.47), who were unemployed (aOR 1.27, 99% CI 1.16 to 1.38) or with unemployed partners (aOR 1.27, 99% CI 1.13 to 1.43), were at greater risk of being SGA. There was no statistically significant change in the magnitude of this risk difference by these indicators over time between 2004 and 2016, as estimated by linear interactions with year of birth. Babies born to lone mothers were not at higher risk compared with partnered mothers after adjusting for maternal smoking (aOR 1.05, 99% CI 0.93 to 1.20). The inverse association between maternal educational attainment and SGA risk appeared greater in multiparous (aOR 1.40, 99% CI 1.10 to 1.77) compared with primiparous women (aOR 1.28, 99% CI 1.12 to 1.47), and the reverse was true for maternal and partner's unemployment where the association was stronger in primiparous women.
conclusionsSocioeconomic inequalities in SGA risk by educational attainment and employment status are not narrowing over time, with differences in association strength by parity. The greater SGA risk in lone mothers was potentially explained by maternal smoking. Preventive interventions should target socially disadvantaged women, including preconception and postpartum smoking cessation to reduce SGA risk.
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