ReviewNature immunology2019
Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: lessons from glioblastoma.
Review in Nature immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 452 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
452 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 729 citations in OpenAlex.
- T cell immunity in glioma and potential implications for immunotherapy: A systematic review.Neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Surgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: a multicenter perspective from the Italian society of neurosurgery (SINchNeurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of disitamab vedotin plus immunotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of the Present Strategies and Prospects for Advancements.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Chidamide plus envafolimab as subsequent treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients resistant to anti-PD-1 therapy: A multicohort, open-label, phase II trial with biomarker analysis.Cancer medicine · 2024Trial
- Oncolytic virus OVV-03 enhances CAR-T cell therapy against glioblastoma via immune modulation and specific HER2 upregulation.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Biomimetic membrane-coated metal nanoplatforms for enhanced BBB penetration and targeted glioblastoma therapy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Beyond the blood-brain barrier: humanised mice, the missing link in glioblastoma research.Oncogene · 2026Review
- Generation of Allogeneic CAR-T Circumvents Functional Deficits in Patient-Derived Autologous Product for Glioblastoma.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Crosstalk Between CTSBAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Leptomeningeal fibroblasts promote glioblastoma progression by regulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for Glioma: A compartmental framework for resistance and rational combination design.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Review
- IFI30 reprograms glioblastoma-associated macrophage and induces immune evasion by MAFF/PTGS2 pathway.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Microbiota-Neuroinflammation Crosstalk in Primary Brain Tumors: Focus on Glioblastoma.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Article
- IL6 Supports Development of an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Resistance to Therapy in Glioblastoma.Cancer research · 2026Article
- The perinecrotic niche of glioblastoma drives tumor-associated macrophage polarization and immunosuppression via podoplanin-mediated CLEC5A activation.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Salvianolic Acid A Induces Ferroptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via the SRC/YAP/GPX4 Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Hallmarks of Glioblastoma: Functional Interplay Between Long Non-Coding RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins.Cells · 2026Review
392 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain cancer, with a median survival of less than 2 years despite surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. GBM's rapid progression, resistance to therapy, and inexorable recurrence have been attributed to several factors, including its rapid growth rate, its molecular heterogeneity, its propensity to infiltrate vital brain structures, the regenerative capacity of treatment-resistant cancer stem cells, and challenges in achieving high concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents in the central nervous system. Escape from immunosurveillance is increasingly recognized as a landmark event in cancer biology. Translation of this framework to clinical oncology has positioned immunotherapy as a pillar of cancer treatment. Amid the bourgeoning successes of cancer immunotherapy, GBM has emerged as a model of resistance to immunotherapy. Here we review the mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in GBM and discuss how insights into GBM-immune system interactions might inform the next generation of immunotherapeutics for GBM and other resistant pathologies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.