ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2019
Combination of cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by altering the gut microbiome.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabinoids, the Blood-Brain Barrier, and Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review ofCannabis and cannabinoid research · 2021Pooled it
- Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabidiol in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Cannabigerol at the Interface of the Gut Microbiota and EndoCannabinoidome: Mechanistic Insights into Inflammation and Pain Modulation.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cannabinoids in immune system-related diseases: From bench to clinic.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- The dual roles of natural cannabidiol in combating oxidative stress and inflammation: A potential intestinal guardian.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Mapping the Evolution of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Research (2000-2024): A Global Bibliometric and Knowledge Domain Analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Cannabidiol in Neurology: Current Insights and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advances in Functional Foods: Using Double Emulsion Gels to Deliver CBD and Probiotics and to Modulate Human Gut Microbial Communities.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Cannabinoid Signaling and Autophagy in Oral Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis into immune regulation, autophagy, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier integrity, and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in multiple sclerosis: potential clinical implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Unraveling multiple sclerosis: a hidden interaction between intestinal microbiota and host lipid metabolism.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Effect of intraperitoneal cannabidiol (CBD) injection on intestine microbiome profile in a mouse model.Current genetics · 2025Article
- Nanotechnology for the Efficacious Delivery of Medicinal Cannabis and Pharmaceutical Medicines.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Full-spectrum Cannabis sativa extract enhances gut-peripheral organ integrity after experimental ischemic stroke.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Cannabinoids as Multitarget Drugs for the Treatment of Autoimmunity in Glaucoma.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Cannabidiol reshapes the gut microbiome to promote endurance exercise in mice.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Lung microbiota: a new hope for treating acute respiratory distress syndrome?Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Medicinal Cannabis and the Intestinal Microbiome.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Full-Spectrum Low-THCBiomolecules · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Currently, a combination of marijuana cannabinoids including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is used as a drug to treat muscle spasticity in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Because these cannabinoids can also suppress inflammation, it is unclear whether such patients benefit from suppression of neuroinflammation and if so, what is the mechanism through which cannabinoids act. In the currently study, we used a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to study the role of gut microbiota in the attenuation of clinical signs of paralysis and inflammation caused by cannabinoids. THC + CBD treatment attenuated EAE and caused significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IFN-γ while promoting the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β. Use of 16S rRNA sequencing on bacterial DNA extracted from the gut revealed that EAE mice showed high abundance of mucin degrading bacterial species, such as Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muc), which was significantly reduced after THC + CBD treatment. Fecal Material Transfer (FMT) experiments confirmed that THC + CBD-mediated changes in the microbiome play a critical role in attenuating EAE. In silico computational metabolomics revealed that LPS biosynthesis, a key component in gram-negative bacteria such as A. muc, was found to be elevated in EAE mice which was confirmed by demonstrating higher levels of LPS in the brain, while treatment with THC + CBD reversed this trend. EAE mice treated with THC + CBD also had significantly higher levels of short chain fatty acids such as butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids compared to naïve or disease controls. Collectively, our data suggest that cannabinoids may attenuate EAE and suppress neuroinflammation by preventing microbial dysbiosis seen during EAE and promoting healthy gut microbiota.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.