ArticleFrontiers in immunology2019
The Tim-3-Galectin-9 Pathway and Its Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Breast Cancer.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- TIM-3 as a Prognostic Marker and a Potential Immunotherapy Target in Human Malignant Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Validation.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Integrated multi-omics and single-cell analysis of galectins and immune associations in triple-negative breast cancer.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Role of Latrophilin-1 and Latrophilin-2 as Downstream Effectors of Androgen Receptor Signaling in Urothelial Tumorigenesis.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Single-cell profiling reveals peripheral blood immune landscape remodelling in breast cancer lymph node metastasis.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- TIM-3 in AML: a janus-faced orchestrator of immune exhaustion and leukemic self-renewal.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Recent advances in preclinical studies combining hyperthermia therapy with novel immune checkpoint targeting agents.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting the CD47-HCK-LGALS9 axis disrupts proliferation-immunosuppression coupling in early-stage endometrial cancer.Molecular cancer · 2025Article
- Clinical Value of Galectin-9, Soluble TREM-1, and Soluble CD25 Among Critically Ill Patients with Organ Failure in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Observational Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The concurrent silencing of Tim-3 and STAT-3 promotes tumor regression both in vitro and in ovo.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Machine learning analysis reveals tumor heterogeneity and stromal-immune niches in breast cancer.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- TIM3Cancer cell · 2025Article
- TIM-3/Galectin-9 Immune Axis in Colorectal Cancer in Relation to KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, AKT1 Mutations, MSI Status, and the Cytokine Milieu.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Surface downmodulation of TIM3 safeguards healthy cells but not acute myeloid leukemia from CAR T-cell therapy.HemaSphere · 2025Article
- "Galectin-9: A double-edged sword in Acute Myeloid Leukemia".Annals of hematology · 2025Review
- Serum soluble Tim‑3 is elevated in patients with cervical cancer and is higher in advanced clinical stages.Biomedical reports · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the breast tumor immune microenvironment: cold-to-hot transition for enhanced immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Multifaceted roles of Galectins: from carbohydrate binding to targeted cancer therapy.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Cell-associated galectin 9 interacts with cytotoxic T cells confers resistance to tumor killing in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through autophagy activation.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Article
- PRDX2 induces tumor immune evasion by modulating the HDAC3-Galectin-9 axis in lung adenocarcinoma cells.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human cancer cells operate a variety of effective molecular and signaling mechanisms which allow them to escape host immune surveillance and thus progress the disease. We have recently reported that the immune receptor Tim-3 and its natural ligand galectin-9 are involved in the immune escape of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. These cells use the neuronal receptor latrophilin 1 (LPHN1) and its ligand fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 3 (FLRT3, and possibly other ligands) to trigger the pathway. We hypothesized that the Tim-3-galectin-9 pathway may be involved in the immune escape of cancer cells of different origins. We found that studied breast tumors expressed significantly higher levels of both galectin-9 and Tim-3 compared to healthy breast tissues of the same patients and that these proteins were co-localized. Increased levels of LPHN2 and expressions of LPHN3 as well as FLRT3 were also detected in breast tumor cells. Activation of this pathway facilitated the translocation of galectin-9 onto the tumor cell surface, however no secretion of galectin-9 by tumor cells was observed. Surface-based galectin-9 was able to protect breast carcinoma cells against cytotoxic T cell-induced death. Furthermore, we found that cell lines from brain, colorectal, kidney, blood/mast cell, liver, prostate, lung, and skin cancers expressed detectable amounts of both Tim-3 and galectin-9 proteins. The majority of cell lines expressed one of the LPHN isoforms and FLRT3. We conclude that the Tim-3-galectin-9 pathway is operated by a wide range of human cancer cells and is possibly involved in prevention of anti-tumor immunity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.