ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2019
Skin Tone Matters: Racial Microaggressions and Delayed Prenatal Care.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the Role of Discrimination in Prenatal Care Utilization: A Systematic Review Using the Social-Ecological Model.Research in nursing & health · 2026Pooled it
- Racialized migrant women's discrimination in maternal care: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Patient-, Provider-, and Health System-Level Predictors of Postpartum Health Care Use by People of Color and Low-Income and/or Uninsured Populations in the United States.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2021Pooled it
- Perceived racism or racial discrimination and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: a systematic review.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicinaPooled it
- Disability, race, and risk of perinatal intimate partner violence: Findings from a nationally representative U.S. sample.Disability and health journal · 2026Article
- Racial microaggressions in prenatal care settings and perceived quality of prenatal care among Black/African American women.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Patient and medical choice across public and private health providers: the case of birth timing manipulation in Brazil.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- The association between ethnicity, socioeconomic position and outcomes following initiation of TNF inhibitors in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the UK JIA Biologics Register.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Experiences of Blame Among Pregnant Black Women During Prenatal Care.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Experiences of discrimination, paternal support, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in the MIEHR study, Houston, Texas.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Physical Assault During the Perinatal Period by Disability Status and Racial/Ethnic Background.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
- Listening to Unheard Voices: Addressing Systemic Racism to Improve Maternity Care for Black Women After Perinatal Loss.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Sharing Patient-Generated Health Data: The Role of Healthcare Quality, Mistrust, and Discrimination Across Race-Gender Identities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Role of Prenatal Care Timing.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Birthing injustice: unmasking structural racism and the illusion of reconciliation in indigenous perinatal care in Canada, insights from the RESPCCT study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Measurement of Racial Microaggressions During Pregnancy and While Receiving Prenatal Care: a Validation Study of the Daily Life Experiences Scale Among Black Postpartum Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- The Intersection of Intimate Partner Violence, Life Stressors, and Perinatal Loss Among Black Women from the United States: Implications for Enhancing Maternity Care Quality and Public Health Practice.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Prioritizing precision: guidelines for the better use of population descriptors in human microbiome research.mSystems · 2025Review
- The association between ethnicity, socioeconomic position and outcomes following initiation of methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.EULAR rheumatology open · 2025Article
- Beyond the First Trimester: Social Determinants of Delayed Prenatal Care at a Community Health Center Using the PRAPARE Tool.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionLiterature posits that discrimination can be a barrier to racial and ethnic minorities' healthcare use. This study examines the relationship between perceived discrimination in the form of racial microaggressions and delayed prenatal care in African American women. It also investigates whether this relationship is modified by women's shade of skin color owing to societal attitudes and beliefs tied to colorism (also known as skin-tone bias).
methodsData were collected from a cohort of 1,410 black, African American women in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, enrolled in 2009-2011 (analyzed between August 2017 and July 2018). Perceived racial microaggressions were assessed using the 20-item Daily Life Experiences of Racism and Bother scale. Logistic regression modeled the relationship between the Daily Life Experiences of Racism and Bother scale and delayed prenatal care, defined as third trimester or no prenatal care entry.
resultsNearly a quarter (24.8%) of women had delayed prenatal care. Logistic regression models showed that a Daily Life Experiences of Racism and Bother score above the median was associated with delayed prenatal care (AOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.00, 1.71). This association was moderated by self-reported maternal skin tone (interaction p=0.03). A higher Daily Life Experiences of Racism and Bother score was associated with delayed prenatal care among African-American women at either end of the color continuum (light brown: AOR=1.64, 95% CI=1.02, 2.65; dark brown: AOR=2.30, 95% CI=1.20, 4.41) but not in the middle (medium brown women).
conclusionsSkin tone-based mistreatment in tandem with racial discrimination in the form of racial microaggressions may influence African American women's use of prenatal care. These findings have implications related to the engagement of women of color, particularly African American women, in healthcare systems and maternal and child health programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.