ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
Cryptosporidium infection in rural Gambian children: Epidemiology and risk factors.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the Impact of Rainfall on Diarrhea: Testing the Concentration-Dilution Hypothesis Using a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Pooled it
- Article
- Assessment of Risk Factors forJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- First Detection of Cryptosporidium Canis and Occurrence ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Coping strategies for household water insecurity in rural Gambia, mediating factors in the relationship between weather, water and health.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH)Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Dietary environmental factors shape the immune defense against Cryptosporidium infection.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Improved household flooring is associated with lower odds of enteric and parasitic infections in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Article
- A comparison of risk factors for cryptosporidiosis and non-cryptosporidiosis diarrhoea: A case-case-control study in Ethiopian children.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Nonsterile immunity to cryptosporidiosis in infants is associated with mucosal IgA against the sporozoite and protection from malnutrition.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTICAfrican journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Correlates ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Review
- Cryptosporidiosis And Other Intestinal Parasitic Infections And Concomitant Threats Among HIV-Infected Children In Southern Ethiopia Receiving First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
- Impact of Livestock Shed Sanitation on Zoonotic Parasite Exposure in Stunted Children from Farming Communities.Iranian journal of parasitologyArticle
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCryptosporidium is a major pathogen associated with diarrheal disease in young children. We studied Cryptosporidium diarrhea in children enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in rural Gambia.
methodsWe recruited children <5 years of age with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) for 3 years (2008-2010), and children with either MSD or less severe diarrhea (LSD) for one year (November 2011-November 2012) at sentinel health centers. One or more randomly selected controls were matched to each case. Stool samples were tested to identify Cryptosporidium by immunoassay. A subset of randomly selected case-controls pairs were tested for Cryptosporidium species. We investigated the epidemiology of, and evaluated possible risk factors for, Cryptosporidium-positive diarrhea.
resultsWe enrolled 1938 cases (1381 MSD, 557 LSD) and 2969 matched controls; 231/1929 (12.0%) of diarrhea cases and 141/2962 (4.8%) of controls were positive for Cryptosporidium. Most Cryptosporidium diarrhea cases (85.7%, 198/231) were aged 6-23 months, and most (81.4%, 188/231) occurred during the rainy season. Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) was the predominant (82.6%) species. We found associations between increased risk of Cryptosporidium-positive MSD or LSD, or both, with consumption of stored drinking water and certain animals living in the compound-cow, cat (MSD only) and rodents (LSD only). Larger households, fowl living in the compound, and the presence of Giardia infection were associated with decreased risk of Cryptosporidium MSD and LSD.
conclusionCryptosporidium-positive diarrhea is prevalent in this setting, especially at 6-23 months of age. The preponderance of Cryptosporidium infection in the rainy season and increased risk of Cryptosporidium-positive diarrhea with consumption of stored drinking water suggest water-borne transmission. Further investigation is needed to clarify the role of animals and contamination of stored drinking water in Cryptosporidium transmission.
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