ArticleBMJ case reports2019
West Nile encephalitis mimicking neuropsychiatric lupus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in BMJ case reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging and underrecognized viral triggers of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease flares.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Neuropsychiatric lupus or West Nile encephalitis? Diagnostic dilemmas in two SLE patients and literature review.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Review
- Insights into the role of neutrophils in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Current understanding and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A man in his 70s with known systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was admitted with confusion, worsening proteinuria and cutaneous vasculitis despite adherence to his home immunosuppressive regimen. Admission laboratories were consistent with active lupus. Despite treatment with pulse-dose glucocorticoids and intravenous immunoglobulin, he developed worsening mental status and meningeal signs. Investigations revealed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neutrophilic and plasmacytic pleocytosis and negative cultures. Empiric treatment for SLE flare with potential neuropsychiatric involvement was continued while workup for altered mental status was ongoing. Ultimately, West Nile encephalitis was diagnosed by CSF serologies, and steroids were tapered. Altered mental status in a patient with SLE has a broad differential, and primary neuropsychiatric SLE should be considered only after exclusion of secondary causes. Although evidence of end-organ SLE activity usually lends support to a neuropsychiatric SLE diagnosis, in this case, serological and clinical evidence of SLE activity may have been triggered by acute viral infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.