ArticleJournal of the American College of Cardiology2019
Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Long-Term Risk of 3 Major Atherosclerotic Diseases.
Article in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07412639 (Differential Effects of Tabata Exercise on Nitric Oxide Synthases and Maresin in Smokers and Non-Smokers), which is not on this map. Cited by 136 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Differential Effects of Tabata Exercise on Nitric Oxide Synthases and Maresin in Smokers and Non-Smokers
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 288 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Guideline
- Guideline
- Smoking and outcomes following personalized antiplatelet therapy in chronic coronary syndrome patients: A substudy from the randomized PATH-PCI trial.Clinical cardiology · 2024Trial
- Smoking influences outcome in patients who had thrombolysed ischaemic stroke: the ENCHANTED study.Stroke and vascular neurology · 2021Trial
- Association of Below-the-Knee Lesions With Occult Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Lower Extremity Artery Disease Undergoing Endovascular Therapy.Circulation reports · 2026Article
- Nicotine-containing products and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms and global health implications.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Smoking Behavior and Major Cardiovascular and Limb Events in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as emerging cardioprotective agents for cardiovascular diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Sleep fragmentation correlates with amyloid beta deposition at brain autopsy.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Natural extracts for the treatment of atherosclerosis.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a digital biomarker for peripheral artery disease.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Influence of Social Determinants of Health on Presenting Visual Acuity in Retinal Vein Occlusions.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Pattern of use and awareness of side-effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among general public in Gondar city, North west Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Associations of cigarette smoking with coronary artery and extra-coronary calcification in older adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.Atherosclerosis · 2026Article
- Association of GlyCD147 with carotid atherosclerosis: evidence from integrative analyses.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Cumulative average remnant cholesterol inflammatory index and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: evidence from a prospective nationwide cohort study in China.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Peripheral Artery Disease: New Concepts, Treatments, and Disparities.Annual review of medicine · 2026Review
- Multisystem Toxicity of E-Cigarettes in Preclinical and Clinical Studies: Pathophysiologic Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposures from Head to Toe.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2026Review
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPublic statements about the effect of smoking on cardiovascular disease are predominantly based on investigations of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, although smoking is recognized as a strong risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD). No study has comprehensively compared the long-term association of cigarette smoking and its cessation with the incidence of 3 major atherosclerotic diseases (PAD, CHD, and stroke).
objectivesThe aim of this study was to quantify the long-term association of cigarette smoking and its cessation with the incidence of the 3 outcomes.
methodsA total of 13,355 participants aged 45 to 64 years in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study without PAD, CHD, or stroke at baseline (1987 to 1989) were included. The associations of smoking parameters (pack-years, duration, intensity, and cessation) with incident PAD were quantified and contrasted with CHD and stroke using Cox models.
resultsOver a median follow-up of 26 years, there were 492 PAD cases, 1,798 CHD cases, and 1,106 stroke cases. A dose-response relationship was identified between pack-years of smoking and 3 outcomes, with the strongest results for PAD. The pattern was consistent when investigating duration and intensity separately. A longer period of smoking cessation was consistently related to lower risk of PAD, CHD, and stroke, but a significantly elevated risk persisted up to 30 years following smoking cessation for PAD and up to 20 years for CHD.
conclusionsAll smoking measures showed significant associations with 3 major atherosclerotic diseases, with the strongest effect size for incident PAD. The risk due to smoking lasted up to 30 years for PAD and 20 years for CHD. Our results further highlight the importance of smoking prevention and early smoking cessation, and indicate the need for public statements to take PAD into account when acknowledging the impact of smoking on overall cardiovascular health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.