ReviewCancers2019
Dual Actions of Ketorolac in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer.
Review in Cancers, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and adverse effects of lower doses of ketorolac; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pain management · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammatory milieu and role of epigenetic modifications in high-grade serous ovarian cancer.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Review
- A Quantitative Systematic Review on the Analgesic Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Ketorolac in Third Molar Surgery.Clinics and practice · 2025Review
- Recent Insights into Bioactive Dichalcogen Derivatives: From Small Molecules to Complex Materials.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- NOS2 and COX-2 Co-Expression Promotes Cancer Progression: A Potential Target for Developing Agents to Prevent or Treat Highly Aggressive Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- R-ketorolac ameliorates cancer-associated cachexia and prolongs survival of tumour-bearing mice.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2024Article
- Intraoperative Ketorolac and Outcomes after Ovarian Cancer Surgery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Iontophoresis on Porcine and Human Gingiva.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Ketorolac modulates Rac-1/HIF-1α/DDX3/β-catenin signalling via a tumor suppressor prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) in renal cell carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- It May Be Possible to Prevent both Early and Late Relapses in Breast Cancer; Perhaps This Is an Opportunity for Sensors or Biosensors to Help.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Platelets, Thrombocytosis, and Ovarian Cancer Prognosis: Surveying the Landscape of the Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Review
- New drugs are not enough‑drug repositioning in oncology: An update.International journal of oncology · 2020Review
- Breast cancer and the black swan.Ecancermedicalscience · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are cornerstones of ovarian cancer treatment, yet disease recurrence remains a significant clinical issue. Surgery can release cancer cells into the circulation, suppress anti-tumor immunity, and induce inflammatory responses that support the growth of residual disease. Intervention within the peri-operative window is an under-explored opportunity to mitigate these consequences of surgery and influence the course of metastatic disease to improve patient outcomes. One drug associated with improved survival in cancer patients is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a chiral molecule administered as a 1:1 racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer is considered the active component for its FDA indication in pain management with selective activity against cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The R-enantiomer has a previously unrecognized activity as an inhibitor of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) GTPases. Therefore, ketorolac differs from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by functioning as two distinct pharmacologic entities due to the independent actions of each enantiomer. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the benefits of ketorolac administration for ovarian cancer patients. We also discuss how simultaneous inhibition of these two distinct classes of targets, COX enzymes and Rac1/Cdc42, by S-ketorolac and R-ketorolac respectively, could each contribute to anti-cancer activity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.