ArticleEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2019
Association between blood lead level and subsequent Alzheimer's disease mortality.
Article in Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exposure to lead and incidence of Alzheimer's disease and all-cause dementia in the United States.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Impairment of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Cycle in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms, Implications, and Potential Therapies.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Associations of Environmental Exposure to Arsenic, Manganese, Lead, and Cadmium with Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Recent Evidence from Mechanistic Studies.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Racialized experience, biomarkers of lead exposure, and later-life cognition: a mediation analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Epidemiological and Toxicological Intersection of Air Pollution and Dementia.Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2025Review
- Single-cell investigation of lead toxicity from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration: Current review and future opportunities.Current opinion in toxicology · 2024Article
- Gene-environment interactions in Alzheimer disease: the emerging role of epigenetics.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2022Review
- Association between blood metals mixtures concentrations and cognitive performance, and effect modification by diet in older US adults.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Article
- Assessing the Association Between Lead Pollution and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease by Integrating Multigenomics.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Environmental exposures and the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of BACE1 as a critical neurotoxic target.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2021Review
- Selenium modifies associations between multiple metals and neurologic symptoms in Gulf states residents.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
- Epigenetic Basis of Lead-Induced Neurological Disorders.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies suggest that cumulative lead exposure is associated with cognitive decline, but its relation with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the longitudinal association between blood lead level (BLL) and AD mortality.
methodsThis study included 8,080 elders (60 years or older) with BLL data from the 1999 to 2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mortality was determined from linked 1999-2014 National Death Index data. A causal diagram presented causal assumptions and identified a sufficient set of confounders: age, sex, poverty, race/ethnicity, and smoking. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the association between BLL and subsequent AD mortality. Impacts of competing risks and design effect were also assessed. Adjusted hazard rate ratio (HRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported.
resultsFollow-up ranged from <1 to 152 months (median, 74). Eighty-one participants died from AD over 632,075 total person-months at risk. An increase in BLL was associated with an increase in AD mortality after adjusting for identified confounders. We estimated that those with BLL of 1.5 and 5 μg/dl had 1.2 (95% CI = 0.70, 2.1) and 1.4 (95% CI = 0.54, 3.8) times the rate of AD mortality compared to those with BLL of 0.3 μg/dl, respectively, after accounting for competing risks. Adjusted HRRs were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.81, 2.9) and 2.1 (95% CI = 0.70, 6.3), respectively, after considering design effect.
conclusionsThis longitudinal study demonstrated a positive, albeit not statistically significant, association between BLL and AD mortality after adjustment for competing risks or design effect.
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