ReviewObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2019
Protein Leverage: Theoretical Foundations and Ten Points of Clarification.
Review in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analysis links dietary branched-chain amino acids to metabolic health in rodents.BMC biology · 2022Pooled it
- The Influence of Short-Term, Severe Low Energy Availability With Varying Protein Content on Substrate Metabolism, High-Intensity Exercise Performance and Subjective Responses in Young Adults.European journal of sport science · 2026Trial
- Protein oxidation in non-exercising healthy adults under varying dietary conditions: Physiological determinants, effects on fuel partitioning, and implications for body weight regulation.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2025Trial
- Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women.Nutrition journal · 2022Trial
- Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Macronutrient mixtures and interactions in health and disease.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Protein Decoys, Alcohol, and Energy Intake: Testing a Mechanistic-Ecological Model.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Enhanced Metabolic Risks in Patients with Obesity and Nutritional Deficiencies in the U.S.: A TriNetX Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- A nutrient-hormone axis pivots an energy trade-off between resting thermogenesis and movement expenditure.Journal of sport and health science · 2026Article
- Review
- First attempt at using a synthetic diet in short-lived killifish, a vertebrate model of ageing.Journal of fish biology · 2026Article
- Food Macronutrient Composition Influences Attentional Bias Toward Food Cues.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- The Role of CP Level and Interaction with Antibiotics in the Post-Weaning Piglets' Diet: Growth Performance, Body Composition, Nutrient Digestion, and Intestinal Health.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A low-protein diet drives short- and long-term improvements in metabolic health in a mouse model of sleeve gastrectomy.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Liver, ageing and disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Dietary Macronutrient Composition and Protein Concentration for Weight Loss Maintenance.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Integrated behavioral and metabolically flexible responses of wild orangutans to ecologically driven dietary variation.Science advances · 2025Article
- Review
- Brain amino acid sensing for organismal amino acid homeostasis.Open biology · 2025Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on fats and carbohydrates as the nutritional causes of energy overconsumption and obesity. In 2003, a model of intake regulation was proposed in which the third macronutrient, protein, is not only involved but is a primary driver of calorie intake via its interactions with carbohydrates and fats. This model, called protein leverage, posits that the strong regulation of protein intake causes the overconsumption of fats and carbohydrates (hence total energy) on diets with a low proportion of energy from protein and their underconsumption on diets with a high proportion of protein. Protein leverage has since been demonstrated in a range of animal studies and in several studies of human macronutrient regulation, and its potential role in contributing to the obesity epidemic is increasingly attracting discussion. Over recent years, however, several misconceptions about protein leverage have arisen. Our aim in this paper is to briefly outline some key aspects of the underlying theory and clarify 10 points of misunderstanding that have the potential to divert attention from the substantive issues.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31339001What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.