ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Global Polycrisis and Health Inequalities.International journal of social determinants of health and health services · 2025Article
- Connecting to Community: A Social Identity Approach to Neighborhood Mental Health.Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc · 2024Review
- Why Did Black Soldiers Historically Have More Pneumonia Than White Soldiers in the U.S. Army?The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- History Repeating-How Pandemics Collide with Health Disparities in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Review
- Health disparities in past influenza pandemics: A scoping review of the literature.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Article
- Racial-Ethnic Residential Clustering and Early COVID-19 Vaccine Allocations in Five Urban Texas Counties.Journal of health and social behavior · 2022Article
- Racial Disparities in Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in United States Cities.Demography · 2022Article
- Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality Across the 30 Biggest U.S. Cities: Assessment of Overall Trends and Racial Inequities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Effects of race on the outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.Journal of the National Medical Association · 2022Article
- Explaining Ethnic Differentials in COVID-19 Mortality: A Cohort Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- The effect of race, socioeconomic status, and comorbidity on patients afflicted with COVID 19: A Local Perspective.Annals of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Anxiety during the Pandemic: Racial and ethnic differences in the trajectory of fear.Journal of affective disorders · 2021Article
- Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Influenza-Like Illness and Prediction of Incidence in High-Risk Regions in the United States from 2011 to 2020.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Racial and ethnic disparities in viral acute respiratory infections in the United States: protocol of a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2021Article
- A Centenary Tale of Two Pandemics: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and COVID-19, Part I.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- The US Public Health Service House-to-House Canvass Survey of the Morbidity and Mortality of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Pandemic Reemergence and Four Waves of Excess Mortality Coinciding With the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Michigan: Insights for COVID-19.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Being African American and Rural: A Double Jeopardy From COVID-19.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2021Article
- Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19.Explorations in economic history · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During epidemics, the poorest part of the population usually suffers the most. Alfred Crosby noted that the norm changed during the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US: The black population (which were expected to have higher influenza morbidity and mortality) had lower morbidity and mortality than the white population during the autumn of 1918. Crosby's explanation for this was that black people were more exposed to a mild spring/summer wave of influenza earlier that same year. In this paper, we review the literature from the pandemic of 1918 to better understand the crossover in the role of race on mortality. The literature has used insurance, military, survey, and routine notification data. Results show that the black population had lower morbidity, and during September, October, and November, lower mortality but higher case fatality than the white population. The results also show that the black population had lower influenza morbidity prior to 1918. The reasons for lower morbidity among the black population both at baseline and during the herald and later waves in 1918 remain unclear. Results may imply that black people had a lower risk of developing the disease given exposure, but when they did get sick, they had a higher risk of dying.
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