ArticleSSM - population health2019
Intersectional effects of racial and gender discrimination on cardiovascular health vary among black and white women and men in the CARDIA study.
Article in SSM - population health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Pooled it
- Association Between Discrimination in Health Care and ASCVD Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States.Circulation. Population health and outcomes · 2026Article
- Psychosocial Risk and Resilience as Moderators of the Association Between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Across Ethnoracial Groups: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, United States, 2000-2019.American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality among older adults with co-occuring lung cancer in the United States from 1999 to 2020.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Perceived Racial Stress Effects on Neuropsychological Functioning in African Americans are Mediated by the Brain's Reward/Safety SEEKING Systems via Neuroimmune and Neuroendocrine Pathways.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- CVD Environmental Health Disparities Tool: systematic evidence mapping of psychosocial stressors, environmental exposures, and cardiovascular diseases to inform disparities research and action.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Review
- Racial Discrimination, Religious Coping, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among African American Women and Men.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Forecasting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asia Until 2040: A Bayesian Modeling Approach.JACC. Asia · 2025Article
- Bullying and depression serially mediate the association between perceived gender nonconformity and suicidality among US adolescents: a theory driven intersectional analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The Role of Psychological Health in Cardiovascular Health: A Racial Comparison.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Examining Race-Based and Gender-Based Discrimination, Trust in Providers, and Mental Well-Being Among Black Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Differences Between Black and White Caregivers in the Association Between Autism Diagnostic Process Satisfaction and Service Use.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Moderation of financial stress and cardiovascular disease risk in black catholics: A social-ecological pathway utilizing latent class and structural equation analyses.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Stress Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease Risk among US Black Women: Ethnicity and Nativity Intersections.Population research and policy review · 2024Article
- Discrimination, Smoking, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Moderated Mediation Analysis With MESA.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Do Police Encounters Increase the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease? Police Encounters and Framingham 30-Year Cardiovascular Risk Score.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- All Stressors Are Not Equal: The Salience of Racial Discrimination and Appraisal for Blood Pressure in African American Women.Psychosomatic medicine · 2024Article
- Association between psychosocial factors and C-reactive protein across income, race, and sex.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2024Article
- The Relationship of Neighborhood Disadvantage, Biological Aging, and Psychosocial Risk and Resilience Factors in Heart Failure Incidence Among Black Persons: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Biological Age Mediates the Effects of Perceived Neighborhood Problems on Heart Failure Risk Among Black Persons.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Testing hypotheses from the emerging Identity Pathology (IP) framework, we assessed race-gender differences in the effects of reporting experiences of racial and gender discrimination simultaneously compared with racial or gender discrimination alone, or no discrimination, on future cardiovascular health (CVH). Data were from a sample of 3758 black or white adults in CARDIA, a community-based cohort recruited in Birmingham, AL; Chicago, IL; Minneapolis, MN, and Oakland, CA in 1985-6 (year 0). Racial and gender discrimination were assessed using the Experiences of Discrimination scale. CVH was evaluated using a 12-point composite outcome modified from the Life's Simple 7, with higher scores indicating better health. Multivariable linear regressions were used to evaluate the associations between different perceptions of discrimination and CVH scores two decades later by race and gender simultaneously. Reporting racial and gender discrimination in ≥2 settings were 48% of black women, 42% of black men, 10% of white women, and 5% of white men. Year 30 CVH scores (mean, SD) were 7.9(1.4), 8.1(1.6), 8.8(1.6), and 8.7(1.3), respectively. Compared with those of their race-gender groups reporting no discrimination, white women reporting only gender-based discrimination saw an adjusted score difference of +0.3 (95% CI: 0.0,0.6), whereas white men reporting only racial discrimination had on average a 0.4 (95% CI: 0.1,0.8) higher score, and scores among white men reporting both racial and gender discrimination were on average 0.6 (95% CI: 1.1,-0.1) lower than those of their group reporting no discrimination. Consistent with predictions of the IP model, the associations of reported racial and gender discrimination with future CVH were different for different racially-defined gender groups. More research is needed to understand why reported racial and gender discrimination might better predict deterioration in CVH for whites than blacks, and what additional factors associated with gender and race contribute variability to CVH among these groups.
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