SynthesisBMC infectious diseases2019
Fever of unknown origin (FUO): which are the factors influencing the final diagnosis? A 2005-2015 systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04810351 (Fever of Unknown Origin), which is not on this map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) in Elderly Patients
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prospective Studies Comparing Structured vs Nonstructured Diagnostic Protocol Evaluations Among Patients With Fever of Unknown Origin: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical Utility of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Adult Patients with Fever of Unknown Origin: A Retrospective Real-World Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- State-of-the-Art Review: Contemporary Ambulatory Approach to Adult Fever of Unknown Origin.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Review
- Article
- Robotic arm-assistedEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Possible Gastroenterological Causes of FUO (Fever of Unknown Origin).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Lupus Enteritis With Concomitant Genitourinary Involvement as the Initial Presentation of Juvenile-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Follow-up, diagnosis, and outcomes of fever of unknown origin cases in whom no diagnosis was established after initial evaluation: an ID-IRI (Infectious Diseases - International Research Initiative) observational retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case of a 62-Year-Old Female Presenting With a Fever of Unknown Origin.Cureus · 2026Article
- Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) in South Asia: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Gaps and Management Strategies.Research square · 2026Article
- Development of a Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model to Differentiate Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases in Patients with Undiagnosed Fever: A Single Hospital-Based Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Institutional Readiness and Diagnostic Challenges for the Management of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) in Nepal: A Mixed-Methods Study at Tertiary Level Hospitals.Research square · 2026Article
- Observational
- Fever of Unknown Origin From the Primary Care Perspective: A Case Report.Case reports in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Fever of unknown origin (FUO): a 7-year clinical experience, etiological distribution, and diagnostic approaches.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Fever of unknown origin (FUO) FADOI-SIMIT Italian registry: can demographics, comorbidities, and clinical variables predict the etiology of classic FUO?-a prospective Italian study.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Observational
- Thyrotoxicosis: Unraveling the Mystery of Fever.Cureus · 2025Article
- Onco-mNGS facilitates rapid and precise identification of the etiology of fever of unknown origin: a single-centre prospective study in North China.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Proceedings of the 1st Symposium "Autoimmune Diseases: Clinical Unmet Needs in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Guide Clinical, Translational and Basic Research".Mediterranean journal of rheumatology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe differential diagnosis of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is very extensive, and includes infectious diseases (ID), neoplasms and noninfectious inflammatory diseases (NIID). Many FUO remain undiagnosed. Factors influencing the final diagnosis of FUO are unclear.
methodsTo identify factors associated with FUO diagnostic categories, we performed a systematic review of classical FUO case-series published in 2005-2015 and including patients from 2000. Moreover, to explore changing over time, we compared these case-series with those published in 1995-2004.
resultsEighteen case-series, including 3164 patients, were included. ID were diagnosed in 37.8% of patients, NIID in 20.9%, and neoplasm in 11.6%, FUO were undiagnosed in 23.2%. NIIDs significantly increased over time. An association exists between study country income level and ID (increasing when the income decreases) and undiagnosed FUO (increasing when the income increases); even if not significant, the use of a pre-defined Minimal Diagnostic Work-up to qualify a fever as FUO seems to correlate with a lower prevalence of infections and a higher prevalence of undiagnosed FUO. The multivariate regression analysis shows significant association between geographic area, with ID being more frequent in Asia and Europe having the higher prevalence of undiagnosed FUO. Significant associations were found with model of study and FUO defining criteria, also.
conclusionsDespite advances in diagnostics, FUO still remains a challenge, with ID still representing the first cause. The main factors influencing the diagnostic categories are the income and the geographic position of the study country.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.