ArticlePloS one2019
Intraclass correlation - A discussion and demonstration of basic features.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 418 papers.
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Who cites it
418 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
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- Bilateral Mechanoreception Discrimination based on Bihemispheric Somatosensory Response Patterns is Associated with Proprioception and Motor Function After Stroke.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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- Comparison of three arm-positioning techniques for minimizing motion artifacts in breast magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective volunteer study.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Repeatability of SimultaneousNMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- A 12-week Exercise Intervention Among Older Adults With Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Changes and Associations of Movement Behaviors and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.European journal of sport science · 2026Observational
- Translation, Content Validity, and Psychometric Evaluation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF) in Standard Arabic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Chemical exposome patterns in mothers and children across urbanisation levels in five European birth cohorts.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a food group system for intake control in people with diabetes: SMARTCLOTH-Database.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Use of 3D printed coracoid models for preoperative planning in the Latarjet procedure: a cross-sectional study.3D printing in medicine · 2026Article
358 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A re-analysis of intraclass correlation (ICC) theory is presented together with Monte Carlo simulations of ICC probability distributions. A partly revised and simplified theory of the single-score ICC is obtained, together with an alternative and simple recipe for its use in reliability studies. Our main, practical conclusion is that in the analysis of a reliability study it is neither necessary nor convenient to start from an initial choice of a specified statistical model. Rather, one may impartially use all three single-score ICC formulas. A near equality of the three ICC values indicates the absence of bias (systematic error), in which case the classical (one-way random) ICC may be used. A consistency ICC larger than absolute agreement ICC indicates the presence of non-negligible bias; if so, classical ICC is invalid and misleading. An F-test may be used to confirm whether biases are present. From the resulting model (without or with bias) variances and confidence intervals may then be calculated. In presence of bias, both absolute agreement ICC and consistency ICC should be reported, since they give different and complementary information about the reliability of the method. A clinical example with data from the literature is given.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.