ArticleJournal of molecular neuroscience : MN2019
TGF-β Secretion by M2 Macrophages Induces Glial Scar Formation by Activating Astrocytes In Vitro.
Article in Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Advances in the research of the role of macrophage/microglia polarization-mediated inflammatory response in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- TGF-β-induced fibrotic scar formation limits recovery of spinal cord injury.Bone research · 2026Article
- The Scent of a Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Growth Factors and Their Potential to Modulate Olfactory Ensheathing Cells.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Macrophage Paracrine Signalling Differentially Affects Fibroblast-Induced Collagenous Tissue Remodelling.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Article
- Unraveling Neurodevelopment: Synergistic Effects of Intrinsic Genetic Programs and Extrinsic Environmental Cues.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Engineering the Immune Response to Biomaterials.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Proinflammatory microglial activation impairs in vitro cortical tissue repair via zinc-dependent ADAM17 cleavage of the CSF-1 receptor.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation associated with proviral DNA persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Conditioned medium of engineering macrophages combined with soluble microneedles promote diabetic wound healing.PloS one · 2025Article
- Review
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction of Astrocytes Mediates Lipid Accumulation in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- The oncolytic bacteria-mediated delivery system of CCDC25 nucleic acid drug inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps induced tumor metastasis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Macrophage polarization in spinal cord injury repair and the possible role of microRNAs: A review.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Depletion of macrophages with clodronate liposomes partially attenuates renal fibrosis on AKI-CKD transition.Renal failure · 2023Article
- CCL24 regulates biliary inflammation and fibrosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis.JCI insight · 2023Article
- MicroRNA: A Linking between Astrocyte Dysfunction, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Neurodegenerative Diseases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review
- ADAR1 promotes systemic sclerosisFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Micro-RNA let-7a-5p Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes the Regrowth of Neurons in Spinal-Cord-Injured Rats by Targeting the HMGA2/SMAD2 Axis.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key factor that promotes fibrosis or scar formation, which could become an obstacle in the repair of impaired axons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the human body resulting from diseases or injuries. Considering that major pathological reactions occur during this process, we focused on TGF-secreting M2 macrophages to identify the interactions between M2 macrophages and astrocytes (AS) and verify the specific mechanism of fibrosis or glial scar formation. In the present study, we used the Transwell coculturing technique and found an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurocan, IL-13, and TGF-β expression after incubation for 48 h; the expression of these proteins decreased when additional inhibitors of the TGF-β receptor were added. We concluded that fibrosis or glial scar formation would be enhanced by the secretion of neurocan from AS, resulting from the release of TGF-β from M2 macrophages. We also used M2 macrophage-conditioned medium to further confirm this finding in a subsequent experiment. We hope that the findings in this research could provide a foundation for locating new targets for treating CNS diseases or injuries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.