Trial reportClinical drug investigation2019
Comprehensive Real-World Assessment of Marketed Medications to Guide Parkinson's Drug Discovery.
Trial report in Clinical drug investigation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case Definitions and Data Sources for NNCSS Parkinson Disease Surveillance: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between β-Adrenoreceptor Agonists and Antagonists and Parkinson's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Neuroinflammation and noradrenergic modulation with β2-adrenoceptors: Emerging therapeutic targets for Parkinson's diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Identifying Drugs Associated With Parkinson's Disease Risk Using Machine Learning.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Acute administration of methylphenidate modulates functional connectivity during irrelevant stimuli processing in Parkinson's disease.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Article
- Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease.Neurology and therapy · 2025Review
- Impact of noradrenergic inhibition on neuroinflammation and pathophysiology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Foundational model aided automatic high-throughput drug screening using self-controlled cohort study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Disease phenotypic screening in neuron-glia cocultures identifies blockers of inflammatory neurodegeneration.iScience · 2024Article
- Article
- Nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker use and risk of Parkinson's disease: from multiple real-world evidence.BMC medicine · 2023Observational
- The old second messenger cAMP teams up with novel cell death mechanisms: potential translational therapeutical benefit for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Fingerprinting heterocellular β-adrenoceptor functional expression in the brain using agonist activity profiles.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- RENEWAL: REpurposing study to find NEW compounds with Activity for Lewy body dementia-an international Delphi consensus.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022Review
- Potential long-term effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on dementia risk: A propensity score matched retrospective cohort study in US veterans.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2022Article
- Pharmacological activation of the C5a receptor leads to stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor and alleviates cognitive impairment in a murine model of familial Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Selective Vulnerability of the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System and its Role in Modulation of Neuroinflammation, Cognition, and Neurodegeneration.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Identification of Drugs Associated with Lower Risk of Parkinson's Disease Using a Systematic Screening Approach in a Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2022Article
- Revealing Unknown Benefits of Existing Medications to Aid the Discovery of New Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.Psychiatric research and clinical practice · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease is a disorder growing in prevalence, disability, and deaths. Healthcare databases provide a 'real-world' perspective for millions of individuals. We envisioned helping accelerate drug discovery by using these databases.
objectivesThe objectives of this study were to assess the association of marketed medications with the risk of parkinsonism in four US claims databases and to evaluate the consistency of the association of β-adrenoreceptor modulation with parkinsonism.
methodsThe study was conducted using a self-controlled cohort design in which subjects served as their own control. The time from treatment initiation until discontinuation or end of observation was the exposed period and a similar time preceding medication was the unexposed period. Medications were studied at ingredient and class level. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) and combined IRR were calculated.
resultsWe assessed 2181 drugs and 117,015,066 people. Diphenhydramine, isradipine, methylphenidate, armodafinil, and modafinil were associated with reduced risk for parkinsonism in at least two databases. Armodafinil, modafinil, methylphenidate, and the β-agonist albuterol were associated with a 56%, 54%, 39%, and 17% reduction in the risk of having parkinsonism, respectively. Isradipine results were heterogeneous and no significant association was found. Propranolol was associated with a 32% increased risk, the only β-adrenoceptor antagonist (β-blocker) associated with an increased risk.
conclusionsArmodafinil, modafinil, and methylphenidate were associated with a decreased risk of parkinsonism, as were β-agonists. Of the β-blockers, only propranolol was associated with increased risk. Healthcare database analyses that incorporate scientific rigor provide insight and direction for drug discovery efforts. These findings show association not causality; however, they offer considerable support to the association between β-adrenergic receptor modulation and risk of Parkinson's disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.