ArticleArchives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition2019
Observational study of cytomegalovirus from breast milk and necrotising enterocolitis.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transmission of cytomegalovirus via breast milk in low birth weight and premature infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Digestive enzyme replacement in very preterm infants: a prospective observational study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Chemokine-receptor-dependent inflammatory responses contribute to two-hit-induced experimental necrotizing enterocolitis and represent a potential therapeutic target.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Postnatally Acquired Neonatal CMV Infection in Preterm Infants: From a Case Series to a Narrative Review of the Literature.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Nonbacterial Infant Microbiome and Necrotizing Enterocolitis.American journal of perinatology · 2025Review
- Ascites and Enterocolitis in a Preterm Infant with Acquired CMV Infection: A Case Study and Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Clinical Manifestations of Non-Congenital CMV Infection in Infants and Immunocompetent Children: Review of Cases from the Past Decade.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Postnatal cytomegalovirus infections did not alter amplitude-integrated electroencephalography signals or general movements in preterm infants.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Value of IgG and IgM Antibodies in Breastfeeding Mothers Infected With Cytomegalovirus (CMV).Scientifica · 2025Article
- Cytomegalovirus Infection and Predisposition to Necrotizing Enterocolitis.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Article
- T-cell receptor excision circles and postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in very low birth weight infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- A Case of an Extremely Preterm Infant with Intussusception Triggered by Acquired Cytomegalovirus Infection.The Kobe journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for screening congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- How to Provide Breast Milk for the Preterm Infant and Avoid Symptomatic Cytomegalovirus Infection with Possible Long-Term Sequelae.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Recommendations for Diagnosis and Prevention of Cytomegalovirus-Associated Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Breast-Fed Preterm Infants.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2022Article
- Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze-thawing on reducing viral load.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Article
- Optimizing Early Neonatal Nutrition and Dietary Pattern in Premature Infants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the relationship between cytomegalovirus (CMV) exposure from breast milk and risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC).
designSecondary analysis of a multicentre, observational cohort study. Maternal breast milk and infant serum or urine were serially evaluated by nucleic acid testing at scheduled intervals for CMV. Infants with evidence of congenital infection were excluded. Competing-risks Cox models, with adjustment for confounders, were used to evaluate the relationship between breast milk CMV exposure or postnatal CMV infection and NEC.
settingThree neonatal intensive care units in Atlanta, Georgia. PATIENTS: Infants with a birth weight≤1500 grams. EXPOSURES: Maximal CMV viral load in breast milk in the first 14 days after birth or postnatal CMV infection. Two different approaches were used to assess the timing of onset of CMV infection (midpoint or early).
main outcome measuresNEC, defined as Bell stage II or greater.
resultsAmong 596 enrolled infants, 457 (77%) were born to CMV seropositive mothers and 33 developed postnatal CMV infection (cumulative incidence 7.3%, 95% CI 5.0% to 10.1%). The incidence of NEC was 18% (6/33) among infants with CMV infection, compared with 7% (37/563) among infants without infection (adjusted cause-specific HR (CSHR): 2.81; 95% CI 0.73 to 10.9 (midpoint); 6.02; 95% CI 1.28 to 28.4 (early)). Exposure to higher breast milk CMV viral load was associated with a higher risk of NEC (adjusted CSHR per twofold increase 1.28; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.54).
conclusionsCMV exposure from breast milk may be associated with the development of NEC in very low birth weight infants.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.