ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2019
Differential transcriptional profiles identify microglial- and macrophage-specific gene markers expressed during virus-induced neuroinflammation.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Transcriptional landscape of human microglia implicates age, sex, and APOE-related immunometabolic pathway perturbations.Aging cell · 2022Pooled it
- AI-Designed TREM1-Targeted LYTAC Nanoparticles Reprogram the Neuroimmune Microenvironment in Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Altered Vascular and Angiogenic Transcripts in the Neurogenic Niche in Neuroinflammatory-Type Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Inhibition of SLC11A1-Mediated Lysosomal Iron Accumulation in Microglia Promotes Repair Following White Matter Stroke.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Microglial fructose metabolism is essential for glioblastoma growth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Use of a human immortalized microglia cell line to study recognition, phagocytosis, and intracellular survival ofmSphere · 2026Article
- Investigating the Role of Cortical Microglia in a Mouse Model of Viral Infection-Induced Seizures.eNeuro · 2026Article
- Persistent priming of hypothalamic microglia is associated with sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to acute stress, hyperactivity and behavioral response disruption in male rats.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The brain's sweet spot: why microglia can run on fructose metabolism.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Spatiotemporal diversity in molecular and functional abnormalities in the mdx dystrophic brain.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Infiltrating peripheral monocyte TREM-1 mediates dopaminergic neuron injury in substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease model mice.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- CNS-wide repopulation by hematopoietic-derived microglia-like cells corrects progranulin deficiency in mice.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Mediterranean diet protects against a neuroinflammatory cortical transcriptome: Associations with brain volumetrics, peripheral inflammation, social isolation, and anxiety in nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis).Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Microglia undergo sex-dimorphic transcriptional and metabolic rewiring during aging.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Momordicine-I Suppresses Head and Neck Cancer Growth by Reprogrammimg Immunosuppressive Effect of the Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages and B Lymphocytes.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2024Article
- Macrophage activation contributes to diabetic retinopathy.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
- Structural properties of immune complexes formed by viral antigens and specific antibodies shape the inflammatory response of macrophages.Cell & bioscience · 2024Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the healthy central nervous system (CNS), microglia are found in a homeostatic state and peripheral macrophages are absent from the brain. Microglia play key roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis and acting as first responders to infection and inflammation, and peripheral macrophages infiltrate the CNS during neuroinflammation. Due to their distinct origins and functions, discrimination between these cell populations is essential to the comprehension of neuroinflammatory disorders. Studies comparing the gene profiles of microglia and peripheral macrophages, or macrophages in vitro-derived from bone marrow, under non-infectious conditions of the CNS, have revealed valuable microglial-specific genes. However, studies comparing gene profiles between CNS-infiltrating macrophages and microglia, when both are isolated from the CNS during viral-induced neuroinflammation, are lacking.
methodsWe isolated, via flow cytometry, microglia and infiltrating macrophages from the brains of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected C57BL/6 J mice and used RNA-Seq, followed by validation with qPCR, to examine the differential transcriptional profiles of these cells. We utilized primary literature defining subcellular localization to determine whether or not particular proteins extracted from the transcriptional profiles were expressed at the cell surface. The surface expression and cellular specificity of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) protein were examined via flow cytometry. We also examined the immune response gene profile within the transcriptional profiles of these isolated microglia and infiltrating macrophages.
resultsWe have identified and validated new microglial- and macrophage-specific genes, encoding cell surface proteins, expressed at the peak of neuroinflammation. TREM-1 protein was confirmed to be expressed by infiltrating macrophages, not microglia, at the peak of neuroinflammation. We also identified both unique and redundant immune functions, through examination of the immune response gene profiles, of microglia and infiltrating macrophages during neurotropic viral infection.
conclusionsThe differential expression of cell surface-specific genes during neuroinflammation can potentially be used to discriminate between microglia and macrophages as well as provide a resource that can be further utilized to target and manipulate specific cell responses during neuroinflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.