ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2019
Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 266 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
International Swiss Primary Hypersomnolence and Narcolepsy Cohort Study
The Patient Voice in Narcolepsy Clinical Trials: Reflections on Experiences and Outcomes
Efficacy and Safety of Temporal Interference Stimulation of Hypothalamus in Patients With Narcolepsy Type 1: A Randomised, Double-blind, Sham-Controlled, Single-Centre Trial
Who cites it
266 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 602 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep Disorders and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Evidence From Meta-Analysis and Mendelian Randomization.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2026Pooled it
- Machine Learning for Diagnosis and Differentiation of Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence: A Systematic Review.European journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Narcolepsy: a machine learning bibliometric analysis (1996-2024).Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Month of birth and the risk of narcolepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation to treat narcolepsy type 1 (TARGET-NT1): A two-arm, randomised, sham-controlled trial.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Clinical and neurophysiological characteristics of 89 patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy from the Russian Narcolepsy Network.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Sleep-disordered breathing and psychiatric comorbidities in narcolepsy: A 10-year retrospective study from Saudi Arabia.Sleep medicine: X · 2026Article
- An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of modafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy.Sleep medicine: X · 2026Review
- The Impact of Antigen Presentation on BBB Disruption and Neuroinflammation.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Wilson's Disease Coexisting with Narcolepsy Type 1: Evidence for a Multifactorial Cause of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness from a Case Report.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Postmortem Evidence of CRH Neuron Reduction in Narcolepsy Without Cataplexy With Borderline Hypocretin-1 Levels.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Expert consensus on osteoporosis risk management in patients with sleep disorders.Bone research · 2026Review
- Defining a Clinically Meaningful Within-Person Change Threshold for the Psychomotor Vigilance Test in Narcolepsy Type 1.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2026Article
- Narcolepsy is (not) an autoimmune disease.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- iSPHYNCS: Unsupervised Clustering in Questionnaires and Metadata Reveals Distinct Subtypes in the Narcolepsy Borderland.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Article
- Immunocyte phenotypes underlying the causal autoimmune features in narcolepsy type 1.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
206 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 16 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a rare brain disorder that reflects a selective loss or dysfunction of orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, accompanied by sleep-wake symptoms, such as hallucinations, sleep paralysis and disturbed sleep. Diagnosis is based on these clinical features and supported by biomarkers: evidence of rapid eye movement sleep periods soon after sleep onset; cerebrospinal fluid orexin deficiency; and positivity for HLA-DQB1*06:02. Symptomatic treatment with stimulant and anticataplectic drugs is usually efficacious. This Review focuses on our current understanding of how genetic, environmental and immune-related factors contribute to a prominent (but not isolated) orexin signalling deficiency in patients with NT1. Data supporting the view of NT1 as a hypothalamic disorder affecting not only sleep-wake but also motor, psychiatric, emotional, cognitive, metabolic and autonomic functions are presented, along with uncertainties concerning the 'narcoleptic borderland', including narcolepsy type 2 (NT2). The limitations of current diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy are discussed, and a possible new classification system incorporating the borderland conditions is presented. Finally, advances and obstacles in the symptomatic and causal treatment of narcolepsy are reviewed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.