ArticleCell death & disease2019
Raptinal bypasses BAX, BAK, and BOK for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and intrinsic apoptosis.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oncolytic virus-delivered GSDME: Unlocking pyroptosis to improve dendritic cell function and amplify cytotoxic T cell response.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Protein-protein interaction-mediated signaling networks in ischemic stroke: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- A peptide-based screen for cell death inhibitors identifies the cytoprotective compound CDL36.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- What does BCL-2 do? From new molecular insights to the clinical implications.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Review
- Resident phagocytes promote non-cell-autonomous fragmentation of apoptotic cells.Science advances · 2025Article
- Programmed Cell Death in Cancer.MedComm · 2025Review
- Gasdermin E in glioblastoma -pyroptosis resistance and tumor-promoting functions.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- RES-CMCNPs Enhance Antioxidant, Proinflammatory, and Sensitivity of Tumor Solids to γ-irradiation in EAC-Bearing Mice.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2025Article
- Raptinal: a powerful tool for rapid induction of apoptotic cell death.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Pharmacological inhibition of RUNX1 reduces infarct size after acute myocardial infarction in rats and underlying mechanism revealed by proteomics implicates repressed cathepsin levels.Functional & integrative genomics · 2024Article
- Article
- Molecular mechanisms involved in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A bibliometrics analysis by VOSviewer.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Review
- Mitochondrial outer membrane integrity regulates a ubiquitin-dependent and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response.The EMBO journal · 2024Article
- The small molecule raptinal can simultaneously induce apoptosis and inhibit PANX1 activity.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- Pannexin-1 opening in neuronal edema causes cell death but also leads to protection via increased microglia contacts.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Mitophagy restricts BAX/BAK-independent, Parkin-mediated apoptosis.Science advances · 2023Article
- Cathepsin B in programmed cell death machinery: mechanisms of execution and regulatory pathways.Cell death & disease · 2023Review
- How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Apoptosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Bok: real killer or bystander with non-apoptotic roles?Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Raptinal Induces Gasdermin E-Dependent Pyroptosis in Naïve and Therapy-Resistant Melanoma.Molecular cancer research : MCR · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most antineoplastic chemotherapies eliminate cancer cells through activation of the mitochondria-controlled intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Therein, BAX, BAK, and/or BOK function as the essential pore-forming executioners of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The activation threshold of BAX and BAK also correlates inversely with the required strength of an apoptotic stimulus to induce MOMP and thereby effectively determines a cell's readiness to undergo apoptosis. Consequently, the 'gatekeepers' BAX and BAK emerged as therapeutic targets, but functional or genetic loss renders BAX/BAK-targeting strategies prone to fail. Here, we show that the small molecule Raptinal overcomes this limitation by triggering cytochrome c release in a BAX/BAK/BOK-independent manner. Raptinal exerts a dual cytotoxic effect on cancer cells by rapid activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and simultaneous shutdown of mitochondrial function. Together with its efficacy to eliminate cancer cells in vivo, Raptinal could be useful in difficult-to-treat cancer entities harboring defects in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.