Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31323981›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019

State-Level Affordability of Factory-Made Cigarettes among Current US Smokers: Findings from the ITC US Survey, 2003-2015.

Pete Driezen, Nigar Nargis, Mary E Thompson, K Michael Cummings, Geoffrey T Fong, Frank J Chaloupka, Ce Shang, Kai-Wen Cheng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Pete DriezenDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. prdriezen@uwaterloo.ca.ORCID 0000-0003-2320-0999
Nigar NargisEconomic and Health Policy Research, American Cancer Society, Washington, DC 20004, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4501-1398
Mary E ThompsonDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
K Michael CummingsDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7103-7017
Geoffrey T FongDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
Frank J ChaloupkaDivision of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-4394, USA.
Ce ShangOklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA.
Kai-Wen ChengDepartment of Health Administration, Governors State University, University Park, IL 60484-0975, USA.

Funding

Variation in Cigarettes, Tobacco use Behaviors and Exposures in ITC CountriesP01CA138389 · NCI · ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE CORP · PI CUMMINGS, KENNETH MICHAEL · 2009 to 2013
$13.4M
Project 3: Policy Effects on Cigarette Design, Emissions &BehaviorP50CA111236 · NCI · ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE CORP · PI CUMMINGS, KENNETH MICHAEL · 2004 to 2009
$8.2M
International Tobacco Policy SurveyR01CA100362 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO · PI FONG, GEOFFREY T · 2005 to 2013
$4.7M
Effects of Graphic Warning Labels on Adolescent SmokingR01CA090955 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO · PI FONG, GEOFFREY T · 2002 to 2004
$369k
CIHR FDN-148477CIHR MOP-115016CIHR MOP-57897CIHR MOP-79551NCI NIH HHS P01 CA138389NCI NIH HHS P50 CA111236NCI NIH HHS R01 CA090955NCI NIH HHS R01 CA100362
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cigarette affordability measures the price smokers pay for cigarettes in relation to their incomes. Affordability can be measured using the relative income price of cigarettes (RIP), or the price smokers pay to purchase 100 packs of 20 cigarettes divided by their per capita household income. Using longitudinal data from 7046 smokers participating in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) US Survey, the purpose of this study was to test whether affordability significantly changed following the US federal tax increase implemented on 1 April 2009. This study also estimated temporal trends in affordability from 2003-2015 at state and national levels using small area estimation methods and segmented linear mixed effects regression models. RIP increased slightly during 2003-2008. This was followed by a 30% increase during 2008-2010, indicating cigarettes were less affordable after the federal tax increase. RIP continued to increase during 2010-2013 but decreased during 2013-2015, suggesting cigarettes have recently become more affordable for US smokers. State-level trends in RIP were consistent with overall national trends. Controlling for other factors, a $1 increase in the state excise tax was significantly associated with a 9% increase in RIP, indicating state taxes reduced affordability. Tax-induced price increases must keep pace with underlying economic conditions to ensure cigarettes do not become more affordable over time.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCommerceConsumer BehaviorCosts and Cost AnalysisFemaleHumansIncomeMaleMiddle AgedSmokersSurveys and QuestionnairesTaxesTobacco Productsaffordabilityeconomicspricesmall area estimationtaxationtobaccoUnited States

Identifiers

PMID31323981
PMCPMC6650842

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.