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ArticleQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation2019

Advancing quality-of-life research by deepening our understanding of response shift: a unifying theory of appraisal.

Bruce D Rapkin, Carolyn E Schwartz

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In one paragraph

Article in Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Integration of early palliative care in cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of 39 randomized controlled trials on clinical outcomes and management optimization.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026
    Pooled it
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  4. Article
  5. Response shift-adjusted longitudinal assessment of patient-reported outcomes in older people living with HIV: a multilevel structural equation and Rasch analysis.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026
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  12. Measuring reconceptualization and reprioritization during France's first COVID-19-related lockdown in women with and without a history of cancer: an adaptation of the SeiQol-DW and PGI.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024
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  13. Individual differences in the long-term impact of the pandemic: moderators of COVID-related hardship, worry, and social support.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024
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  15. Implications of the syntheses on definition, theory, and methods conducted by the Response Shift - in Sync Working Group.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023
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  20. The Functional External Memory Aid Tool Version 2.0: A How-To Clinical Guide.American journal of speech-language pathology · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Bruce D RapkinDivision of Community Collaboration & Implementation Science, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Carolyn E SchwartzDeltaQuest Foundation, Inc., 31 Mitchell Road, Concord, MA, USA. carolyn.schwartz@deltaquest.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-7774

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Studies of response-shift phenomena in quality-of-life (QOL) research have grown steadily in the more than two decades of research. As a field, we have been calling a lot of different approaches "response shift" over the years, but the only approach that fully embodies the foundational (Sprangers and Schwartz, Soc Sci Med 48(11):1507-1515, 1999) theoretical model is appraisal. According to the definition proposed in this model, response shift is about individual cognitive change. This paper presents the argument that all response-shift research models need to be grounded in an understanding of cognitive appraisal. We present a reasoned argument for why appraisal is fundamental to QOL response-shift research. We describe current measurement and analytic methods for working with appraisal, and how these methods can be integrated into the current response-shift statistical 'tool box.' We propose future research directions on theory, methods, and cross-calibration of group- and individual-level methods. There are currently three tools available in multiple languages for assessing QOL appraisal processes. They have been tested and used to assess response shift in empirical studies of ~ 7000 people with chronic illness. The study findings illustrate how appraisal theory and methods can facilitate methodological investigations of and to enhance other response-shift detection methods. Future research directions are proposed to enrich QOL theory, response-shift methods, and interpretation of QOL change over time. Appraisal theory and methods are the closest approximation to a response-shift 'gold standard.' They provide the foundation for understanding response shift and point to a unified theory of QOL.

Indexed as

HumansModels, TheoreticalQuality of LifeAdaptationAppraisalLife eventsResponse shiftTheory

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.