ArticleJNCI cancer spectrum2019
Contemporary Associations of Exclusive Cigarette, Cigar, Pipe, and Smokeless Tobacco Use With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality in the United States.
Article in JNCI cancer spectrum, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 30 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Oral nicotine pouches for cessation or reduction of use of other tobacco or nicotine products.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Oral nicotine pouches for cessation or reduction of use of other tobacco or nicotine products.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Psychological Therapies Used for the Reduction of Habitual Cigarette Smoking Cigarette Consumption: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2021Pooled it
- Nicotine-Cannabis Transitions and Nicotine Abstinence Among United States Adults.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Deciphering Nicotine-Driven Oncogenesis in Head and Neck Cancer: Integrative Transcriptomics and Drug Repurposing Insights.Cancers · 2025Article
- Article
- The Potential Impact of Oral Nicotine Pouches on Public Health: A Scoping Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Socioeconomic Disparities of Cigar Use in China: Findings from the China Health Literacy Survey with a Focus on the 'Knowledgeable but Economically Marginalized' (KEM) Population.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Analysis of Lung Cancer Incidence in Non-Hispanic Black and White Americans using a Multistage Carcinogenesis Model.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Relationship of tobacco smoking to cause-specific mortality: contemporary estimates from Australia.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Association between albumin to globulin ratio and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: results from NHANES 2003 to 2018.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Nicotine pouches: a narrative review of the existing literature.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Oral Cancer Incidence Among Adult Males With Current or Former Use of Cigarettes or Smokeless Tobacco: Population-Based Study.JMIR cancer · 2024Article
- Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Cross-sectional Patterns and Longitudinal Transitions of Premium and Non-Premium Cigar Use in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates Associated with Smoking and Chewing Tobacco Use and the Human Development Index in 172 Countries Worldwide: An Ecological Study 2019-2020.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA growing proportion of tobacco users in the United States use non-cigarette products including cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco. Studies examining the disease and mortality risks of these products are urgently needed.
methodsWe harmonized tobacco use data from 165 335 adults in the 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2010 National Health Interview Surveys. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall and cause-specific mortality occurring through December 31, 2015, were estimated by exclusive use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or smokeless tobacco using Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the underlying time metric and never tobacco users as the referent group.
resultsCurrent use of cigarettes (HR = 2.23, 95% CI = 2.13 to 2.33) and smokeless tobacco (HR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.17 to 1.59) were each associated with overall mortality. Relative to never tobacco users, higher risks were observed both in daily (HR = 2.34, 95% CI = 2.24 to 2.44) and nondaily (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.54 to 1.86) cigarette smokers, with associations also observed across major smoking-related causes of death. Daily use of smokeless tobacco was also associated with overall mortality (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.20 to 1.66) as was daily use of cigars (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.12 to 2.08). Current smokeless tobacco use was associated with a higher risk of mortality from heart disease and smoking-related cancer, with strong associations observed for cancers of the oral cavity and bladder.
conclusionsExclusive daily use of cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco was associated with higher mortality risk. Tobacco control efforts should include cigars and smokeless tobacco.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.