ArticleSSM - population health2019
How do age and major risk factors for mortality interact over the life-course? Implications for health disparities research and public health policy.
Article in SSM - population health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Global, regional, and national burden of atrial fibrillation and its association with alcohol consumption: age, sex, regional, and SDI differences-an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Estimating additive interaction in 2-stage individual participant data meta-analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Shaping the future of geriatric chronic pain care: a research agenda for progress.Pain management · 2025Article
- Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiorespiratory mortality: an ecological small-area study in five cities in Colombia.Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Beyond prescriptions: chronic medication adherence predicts mortality risk in a large-scale cohort study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Leading Causes of US Deaths in the 2022.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality by Age in 4 Multinational Megacohorts.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Chronic Pain Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Adults in the United States.The journal of pain · 2024Article
- Ageism and lookism as stereotypes of health disparity in intensive care units in Iran: a critical ethnography.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Age at diagnosis modifies associations of type 2 diabetes with cancer incidence and mortality: a retrospective matched-cohort study.Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic differences in the association between maternal age and maternal obesity: a register-based study of 707,728 women in Finland.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Article
- Provider discussion of health goals and psychosocial needs: Comparing older to younger veteran experience.Health services research · 2023Article
- Diminished Advantage or Persistent Protection? A New Approach to Assess Immigrants' Mortality Advantages Over Time.Demography · 2022Article
- Vascular risk factors and stroke risk across the life span: A population-representative study of half a million people.International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society · 2022Article
- The Association Between Educational Attainment and Mortality: Examining Absolute and Relative Effects by Race/Ethnicity.Ethnicity & disease · 2022Article
- Article
- Does time heal all wounds? Life course associations between child welfare involvement and mortality in prospective cohorts from Sweden and Britain.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Article
- Socio-Demographic Determinants of Mortality from Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Women of Reproductive Age in the Republic of Georgia: Evidence from the National Reproductive Age Mortality Study (2014).International journal of women's health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A critical question in life-course research is whether the relationship between a risk factor and mortality strengthens, weakens, or remains constant with age. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the importance of measurement scale in examining this question. Many studies address this question solely on the multiplicative (relative) scale and report that the hazard ratio of dying associated with a risk factor declines with age. A wide set of risk factors have been shown to conform to this pattern including those that are socioeconomic, behavioral, and physiological in nature. Drawing from well-known principles on interpreting statistical interactions, we show that evaluations on the additive (absolute) scale often lead to a different set of conclusions about how the association between a risk factor and mortality changes with age than interpretations on the multiplicative scale. We show that on the additive scale the excess death risks posed by key socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors increase with age. Studies have not generally recognized the additive interpretation, but it has relevancy for testing life-course theories and informing public health interventions. We discuss these implications and provide general guidance on choosing a scale. Data from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey are used to provide empirical support.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.