ArticleBMJ open2019
Sexual violence at each stage of human trafficking cycle and associated factors: a retrospective cohort study on Ethiopian female returnees via three major trafficking corridors.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of physical violence against people in insecure migration status: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Returned but Not Restored: Experiences of Health and Access to Care Among Return Migrants in Sub-Saharan Africa-A Scoping Review.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Ethiopia: using the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Price elasticity of cigarette smoking in Bangladesh: evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys (GATS).Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Accidental traffickers: qualitative findings on labour recruitment in Ethiopia.Globalization and health · 2023Article
- Human trafficking risk factors, health impacts, and opportunities for intervention in Uganda: a qualitative analysis.Global health research and policy · 2023Article
- Article
- Paper: violence, abuse and exploitation among trafficked women and girls: a mixed-methods study in Nigeria and Uganda.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Exploring factors that contribute to human trafficking in Ethiopia: a socio-ecological perspective.Globalization and health · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesEvidence showed that the prevalence of sexual violence during the whole human trafficking period was high. However, the distribution of sexual violence along the stages of the trafficking cycle is unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual violence at each stage of trafficking and factors associated with it among Ethiopian trafficked females.
designA retrospective cohort study was conducted to study trafficking returnees regarding their previous experiences at each stage of trafficking. SETTINGS: Data were collected at immigration offices in three border towns of Ethiopia located bordering Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti.
participantsSix hundred and seventy-one women who were trafficked from Ethiopia were recruited into the study consecutively. They were recruited when they came back home via the three border towns either by deportation or voluntary return. OUTCOME MEASURE: The outcome variable was sexual violence.
resultsThe prevalence of sexual violence was estimated at 10% (95% CI 7.9 to 12.5) during predeparture, 35.0% (95% CI 31.5 to 38.7) travelling period, 58.1% (95% CI 54.2 to 61.8) at destination and 19.5% (95% CI 15.2 to 24.6) detention stages. The odds of sexual violence among returnees aged 14-17 years was about twofold when compared with that of women aged 26-49 years (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.97; 95% CI 1.11 to 3.52). Similarly, being smuggled initially (AOR=1.54; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.93), restricted freedom (AOR=1.45; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.86) and time spent at each stage of trafficking (AOR=1.028; 95% CI 1.024 to 1.033) were positively associated with sexual violence.
conclusionsThe prevalence of sexual violence at each stage of trafficking after departure was high. This could imply that victims might be affected by subsequent negative sexual health outcomes. Young age, initially being smuggled and time spent at each stage of the trafficking process were positively associated with the events of sexual violence. Efforts must be made on modifiable factors such as 'smuggling' to minimise subsequent sexual violence during trafficking.
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