ReviewToxins2019
Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins-A Review.
Review in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Review
- Advancements and Applications of Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs): A Comprehensive Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Development and Functional Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies for Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Can Botulinum Toxin Type E Serve as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Managing Chronic Orofacial Pain?Toxins · 2025Article
- Wearable Temperature Sensor Enhanced Volatilomics Technique for Swift and Convenient Detection of Latrogenic Botulism.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Botulinum neurotoxin: Tracking the transition from lethal dose toNAM journal · 2025Article
- Antibody-based alternatives to animal testing for toxin detection and antitoxin evaluation.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
- Perspectives in Aptasensor-Based Portable Detection for Biotoxins.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2023Review
- Surface Acoustic Wave Immunosensor for Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Biological and Immunological Characterization of a Functional L-HN Derivative of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype F.Toxins · 2023Article
- Optimization of Application-Driven Development ofTissue engineering. Part B, Reviews · 2022Review
- Metallic and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles for Sensing Food Pathogens-An Overview of Recent Findings and Future Prospects.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Recent Developments in Botulinum Neurotoxins Detection.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Current Developments in Diagnostic Assays for Laboratory Confirmation and Investigation of Botulism.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2022Review
- Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Optogenetically controlled human functional motor endplate for testing botulinum neurotoxins.Stem cell research & therapy · 2021Article
- Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.